Seasonal dynamics of extraradical mycelium and mycorrhizas in a black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) plantation.

Seasonal dynamics of black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) extraradical mycelium as well as the associated mycorrhizal community have been evaluated in a 16-year-old plantation with productive and non-productive trees. Mycelium biomass was seasonally quantified by real-time PCR over two consecutive years and the correlation with environmental variables explored. Extraradical mycelium biomass varied seasonally and between the two consecutive years, being correlated with the precipitation that occurred 1 month before sampling.

Diversity of ectomycorrhizal Thelephoraceae in Tuber melanosporum-cultivated orchards of Northern Spain.

Truffles are edible hypogeous ascomycetes highly appreciated worldwide, especially the black truffle (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.). In recent decades, the cultivation of the black truffle has expanded across the Mediterranean climate regions in and outside its native range.

Changes in Insulin Requirements From the Onset of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) Until Optimization of Glycemic Control.

The aim was to evaluate changes in insulin requirements from onset of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) until glucose optimization in type 1 diabetes and to determine patient characteristics to be considered when CSII is implemented. We retrospectively analyzed 74 type 1 diabetic patients over a follow-up of 5 months after starting CSII. Patients without a decrease in HbA1c levels at the end of follow-up were excluded.

Persistence and detection of black truffle ectomycorrhizas in plantations: comparison between two field detection methods.

Owners of black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) plantations are concerned about the persistence of its mycorrhizas and mycelium in the soil, especially until the appearance of the "truffle burn" areas and the triggering of sporocarp production, at least 5-7 years after planting truffle-inoculated seedlings. During this period, the farmer does not know whether his management is promoting black truffle development. To study the presence and abundance of T.

Ectomycorrhizal fungus diversity and community structure with natural and cultivated truffle hosts: applying lessons learned to future truffle culture.

Since the first truffle plantations were established in France, Italy and other parts in the world, many studies have been carried out to improve their productivity and sustainability. Success of plantations is clearly related to the mycorrhizal status of the host trees over the years, from inoculated seedlings to truffle-producing trees. The experience gained in monitoring the ectomycorrhizal fungus status in cultivated truffle grounds has allowed us to develop an extensive catalogue of the ectomycorrhizal fungi present in truffle plantations.

Switching to basal-bolus insulin therapy is effective and safe in long-term type 2 diabetes patients inadequately controlled with other insulin regimens.

Aim: To assess in standard clinical practice the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of switching patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and poor or unstable blood glucose control to basal-bolus insulin therapy.

Material And Methods: This was a prospective, single center study including 37 patients with T2DM (age 65±8 years, 62.2% men, body mass index 28.

Perinatal maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus according to fetal sex.

Background: Male sex is a well-known risk factor for unfavorable perinatal outcomes. Fetal sex has been considered only occasionally in diabetic pregnancy.

Objective: Our aim was to evaluate perinatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) according to fetal sex.

[Gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal ethnicity: high prevalence of fetal macrosomia in non-Caucasian women].

Background And Objective: Differences in perinatal outcomes according to ethnicity have been described in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We analysed the relationship between ethnicity, maternal characteristics and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with GDM.

Patients And Methods: Retrospective analysis of women with GDM attended at the centre between 1986 and 2007.

Maternal body mass index is a predictor of neonatal hypoglycemia in gestational diabetes mellitus.

Context: In diabetic pregnancy, neonatal hypoglycemia (NH) is usually attributed to insufficient regulation of maternal glycemic control. Recent data suggest that maternal body mass index (BMI) could have an influence.

Objective: Our objective was to determine whether an association exists between maternal prepregnancy BMI category and occurrence of NH among infants born to women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

[Diabetes and pregnancy. Health education].

The usual scenario of treatment of pregnant women with diabetes, either gestational or pregestational is the coincidence of: 1) the difficulty that entails changing insulin sensitivity, 2) the importance of glycemic control that resembles as much as possible to that of healthy pregnant women, and 3) the willingness of the mother The latter circumstance makes it common that patients with type 1 diabetes and poor glycemic control have impeccable glycemic records during pregnancy and that women with gestational diabetes and unhealthy eating patterns, change them substantially during pregnancy. But the first two assumptions imply a major difficulty

Mycorrhizal synthesis between Boletus edulis species complex and rockroses (Cistus sp.).

Ectomycorrhizas of Boletus aereus, Boletus edulis, and Boletus reticulatus were synthesized with Cistus sp. under laboratory conditions using synthesis tubes filled with a mixture of sterilized peat-vermiculite and nutrient solution. The fungal strains isolated from sporocarps were identified by molecular techniques.

Characterization and identification of field ectomycorrhizae of Boletus edulis and Cistus ladanifer.

Field ectomycorrhizae sampled under Boletus edulis and Cistus ladanifer have been characterized and described in detail based on standard morphological and anatomical characters. The described ectomycorrhiza has traits typical of Boletales: whitish with three differentiated plectenchymatous layers in the mantle in plan view forming ring-like structures and rhizomorphs with highly differentiated hyphae. The inflated, smooth cystidia-like clavate end cells on the surface of the rhizomorphs and their slightly twisted external hyphae are additional characterizing features.

A revision of the descriptions of ectomycorrhizas published since 1961.

All available publications providing descriptions of ectomycorrhizas (ECM) were reviewed in order to build a database containing details on fungus forming the ECM, host tree, country where the material for description was collected, and habitat of the ECM. Other secondary data were also recorded. In all 1244 descriptions of ECM published since 1961 in 479 papers were reviewed.

Post-fire, seasonal and annual dynamics of the ectomycorrhizal community in a Quercus ilex L. forest over a 3-year period.

Two study plots, burned and control, were established in autumn 1998 in a Quercus ilex forest located in northern Spain, part of which had been affected by a low intensity fire in 1994. Soil samples for ectomycorrhizae (ECM) were taken over a 3-year period in each study plot in spring, summer, autumn and winter. ECM morphotypes were identified and the relative abundance of each morphotype in each soil sample calculated, along with species richness, Shannon diversity index and percentage of mycorrhization in each soil sample.

Nurse-based management in patients with gestational diabetes.

Objective: To compare the rate of insulin treatment and perinatal outcome in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) under endocrinologist-based versus diabetes nurse-based metabolic management.

Research Design And Methods: In a retrospective analysis, maternal characteristics, rate of insulin treatment, and perinatal outcome of patients with GDM delivering between 1 January 1995 and 30 June 1997 (n = 244) receiving endocrinologist-based care were compared with those delivering between 1 July 1997 and 31 December 1999 (n = 283) who received diabetes nurse-based care. The diabetes nurse's role was similar to that of an advanced practice nurse in the U.