A multilevel analysis of the triple burden of malnutrition in Indonesia: trends and determinants from repeated cross-sectional surveys.

Background: Although child malnutrition has been reducing, the coexistence in mothers and children of various forms of malnutrition has continued to rise around the world. In the Indonesian context, a knowledge gap exists on the coexistence of multiple malnutrition burdens. This study examines trends in the coexistence of the triple burden of malnutrition (TBM) among mother-child pairs living in the same house and explores multilevel (individual, household, and community) factors associated with TBM in Indonesia.

Antenatal Care Services and Incidence of Low Birth Weight: A Comparison of Demographic and Health Surveys in 4 ASEAN Countries.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of complete coverage and content of available antenatal care (ANC) on the incidence of low birth weight (LBW) in 4 countries belonging to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

Methods: Measures of complete coverage and content of ANC services included the frequency of ANC visits and the seven service components (blood pressure measurement, iron supplementation, tetanus toxoid immunization, explanations of pregnancy complications, urine sample test, blood sample test, and weight measurement). The complete coverage and content of ANC services were assessed as high if more than 4 ANC visits and all seven components were delivered.