Tolerability and Acceptability of an Exogenous Ketone Monoester and Ketone Monoester/Salt Formulation in Humans.

Exogenous ketone ester and ketone ester mixed with ketone free acid formulations are rapidly entering the commercial marketspace. Short-term animal and human studies using these products suggest significant potential for primary or secondary prevention of a number of chronic disease conditions. However, a number of questions need to be addressed by the field for optimal use in humans, including variable responses among available exogenous ketones at different dosages; frequency of dosing; and their tolerability, acceptability, and efficacy in long-term clinical trials.

Dietary ketone ester attenuates the accretion of adiposity and liver steatosis in mice fed a high-fat, high-sugar diet.

The ketone diester, R,S-1,3-butanediol diacetoacetate (BD-AcAc), attenuates the accretion of adiposity and reduces hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-induced obese mice when carbohydrate energy is removed from the diet to accommodate energy from the ester. Reducing carbohydrate energy is a potential confounder due to the well-known effects of carbohydrate restriction on components of energy balance and metabolism. Therefore, the current investigation was designed to determine whether the addition of BD-AcAc to a high-fat, high-sugar diet (with no reduction in carbohydrate energy) would attenuate the accretion of adiposity and markers of hepatic steatosis and inflammation.