CITIES: Clinical trials with intercurrent events simulator.

Although clinical trials are often designed with randomization and well-controlled protocols, complications will inevitably arise in the presence of intercurrent events (ICEs) such as treatment discontinuation. These can lead to missing outcome data and possibly confounding causal inference when the missingness is a function of a latent stratification of patients defined by intermediate outcomes. The pharmaceutical industry has been focused on developing new methods that can yield pertinent causal inferences in trials with ICEs.

A novel estimand to adjust for rescue treatment in randomized clinical trials.

The interpretation of randomized clinical trial results is often complicated by intercurrent events. For instance, rescue medication is sometimes given to patients in response to worsening of their disease, either in addition to the randomized treatment or in its place. The use of such medication complicates the interpretation of the intention-to-treat analysis.

Converting probabilistic tree species range shift projections into meaningful classes for management.

The paper deals with the management problem how to decide on tree species suitability under changing environmental conditions. It presents an algorithm that classifies the output of a range shift model for major tree species in Europe into multiple classes that can be linked to qualities characterizing the ecological niche of the species. The classes: i) Core distribution area, ii) Extended distribution area, iii) Occasional occurrence area, and iv) No occurrence area are first theoretically developed and then statistically described.

Papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis: a case report.

In this report a case of bilateral papillary cystadenoma of the epididymis is described, a tumor associated with the Von Hippel-Lindau's disease (cerebelloretinal hemangioblastomatosis). Reports about the Von Hippel-Lindau's disease do only infrequently mention epididymal adenomas because the latter is mostly not associated with any symptoms. Retinal angiomatosis, cerebellar hemagioblastoma, pheochromocytoma and renal cell carcinoma are the lesions in the Von Hippel-Lindau's disease which cause symptoms and as a consequence disease.

Oral immunotherapy of recurrent urinary tract infections: a double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter study.

We treated 166 patients suffering from recurrent urinary tract infections under double-blind conditions for 3 months with 1 capsule daily of either the immunostimulating bacterial extract (85) or a placebo (81), followed by a 3-month observation period without the test drugs. The bacterial extract exerted a significant beneficial curative action and long-term consolidative effect on the frequency of recurrent urinary tract infections with marked improvements in the characteristic signs and symptoms. It was significantly superior to placebo for the majority of the assessed parameters: number of recurrent urinary tract infections, bacteriuria, leukocyturia, erythrocyturia, nitrituria, albuminuria and casts in urine.

Prolonged bladder distension in the management of the unstable bladder.

We treated 63 patients with urinary symptoms associated with uninhibited detrusor contractions on cystometry by prolonged bladder distension. All patients had received drug therapy previously without success. Fourteen patients whose symptoms relapsed after a previous distension or who failed to obtain any improvement have had repeat distension.

Anterior vaginal repair, cause of troublesome voiding disorders?

Clinical experience and urodynamic observations in 85 female patients with voiding disorders after anterior vaginal repair are presented. Iatrogenic or persistent urinary stress incontinence (72%), irritable trigone syndrome (48%), bladder outlet obstruction (40%), unstable bladder (25%) and recurrent cystitis (23.5%) were the most frequent findings.

The treatment of chronic pyelonephritis with carindacillin.

Forty-two patients with a radiologically confirmed diagnosis of chronic pyelonephritis were treated with 1 g carindacillin every 6 hours over a period of 6 weeks. An underlying urological disease was present in 84% of the 38 patients for whom sufficient data were available for evaluation. The results of carindacillin treatment, as judged by bacteriological evaluation 1 month post-treatment, were good in 12 (32%) and moderate in 9 of the patients.

Flavoxate hydrochloride in the treatment of detrusor instability.

42 patients with 'unstable bladder' were treated with flavoxate hydrochloride. A previous treatment with parasympathicolytic drugs (propantheline bromide and/or emepronium bromide) was unsuccessful. The instability of the detrusor was proven by a urodynamical investigation.

Renal transplantation into an ileal conduit.

Since the selection criteria for renal transplantation have become less stringent as a consequence of improved graft survival and decreased mortality, patients with severe structural anomalies of the lower urinary tract can now benefit from renal transplantation into an ileal conduit. This is illustrated by two succesful cases. The opertative procedure is discussed, and the possibilities for the future are mentioned.

[Pachymetry in the study of preservation of the cornea].

Rabbit corneas were preserved for between 7 and 14 days at + 4 degrees C in a whole eye in synthetic media (T.C. 199 and T.