Radical generation and bactericidal activity of nanobubbles produced by ultrasonic irradiation of carbonated water.

Our previous study showed that nanobubbles (NBs) encapsulating CO gas have bactericidal activity due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Yamaguchi et al., 2020). Here, we report that bulk NBs encapsulating CO can be efficiently generated by ultrasonically irradiating carbonated water using a piezoelectric transducer with a frequency of 1.