Infectious and Inflammatory Processes of the Orbits in Children.

Most primary orbital pathology in children is due to bacterial infection. Radiologists typically encounter these cases to evaluate for clinically suspected postseptal orbital involvement. Contrast-enhanced cross-sectional imaging is important for the detection and early management of orbital infection and associated subperiosteal/orbital abscess, venous thrombosis, and intracranial spread of infection.

Dorsoventral splitting of the infundibulum in a child with pituitary hypoplasia.

Pituitary development arises from ectodermal tissue creating Rathke's pouch and ultimately the adenohypophysis anteriorly whereas neuroectodermal tissue arising from the diencephalon creates the neurohypophysis posteriorly. Alterations in pituitary development can lead to hormonal dysregulation and dysfunction. Following clinical suspicion of pituitary endocrinopathy, MRI plays a vital role in identifying and characterizing underlying structural abnormalities of the pituitary gland, as well as any associated extrapituitary findings.

International Consensus Statement on the Radiological Screening of Contact Children in the Context of Suspected Child Physical Abuse.

Importance: Physical abuse is a common but preventable cause of long-term childhood morbidity and mortality. Despite the strong association between abuse in an index child and abuse in contact children, there is no guidance outlining how to screen the latter, significantly more vulnerable group, for abusive injuries. Consequently, the radiological assessment of contact children is often omitted, or variably performed, allowing occult injuries to go undetected and increasing the risk of further abuse.

Journal Selection Primer for Neuroradiology Researchers.

Junior Neuroradiology investigators face a rapidly expanding universe of potential journals for manuscript submission. Each journal possesses many unique features, including scope/breadth of research focus, willingness to accept specific types of articles (for example, Review Articles, or Case Reports), status of indexing on major academic indices, scholarly relevance (usually defined as Impact Factor) and access type (Open Access, subscription, or Hybrid Access). An uninformed choice of target journal can burden not only Editors and Reviewers but also increase the effort and frustration level of relatively inexperienced investigators and ultimately result in a worthy manuscript not getting published.

Imaging Findings of Pediatric Orbital Masses and Tumor Mimics.

Pediatric orbital masses are not common but encompass a wide spectrum of benign and malignant entities that range from developmental anomalies to primary and secondary orbital malignancies and metastatic disease. Certain orbital tumors are unique to pediatric patients, such as retinoblastoma and neuroblastoma. Clinical symptoms and signs are often insufficient to differentiate between orbital lesions, and imaging is essential for narrowing the diagnostic considerations and determining the most appropriate management strategy.

Imaging of benign cervicofacial vascular anomalies and associated syndromes.

Cervicofacial vascular anomalies can result in morbidity, pain, and cosmetic concerns in affected individuals. Each anomaly has its own unique natural history, treatment, and associations with underlying genetic syndromes. For optimal patient care, it is important for the neuroradiologist to accurately recognize and characterize these entities to ensure appropriate treatment and management.

Neuroimaging manifestations in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multinational, multicentre collaborative study.

Background: The CNS manifestations of COVID-19 in children have primarily been described in case reports, which limit the ability to appreciate the full spectrum of the disease in paediatric patients. We aimed to identify enough cases that could be evaluated in aggregate to better understand the neuroimaging manifestations of COVID-19 in the paediatric population.

Methods: An international call for cases of children with encephalopathy related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and abnormal neuroimaging findings was made.

Review of Temporal Bone Microanatomy : Aqueducts, Canals, Clefts and Nerves.

Temporal bone microanatomy is a common source of consternation for radiologists. Serpentine foramina, branching cranial nerves, and bony canals containing often clinically relevant but often miniscule arterial branches may all cause confusion, even among radiologists familiar with temporal bone imaging. In some cases, the tiniest structures may be occult or poorly visualized, even on thin-slice computed tomography (CT) images.

Clinical Course of Nonfunctional Pituitary Microadenoma in Children: A Single-Center Experience.

Context: Pituitary lesions consistent with microadenomas are increasingly discovered by MRI. Sparse data are available on the long-term clinical and imaging course of such lesions in children.

Objective: The aim of this study was to define the clinical and imaging course of pituitary lesions representing or possibly representing nonfunctioning microadenomas in children to guide clinical management.

Natural History and Management of Incidentally Discovered Focal Brain Lesions Indeterminate for Tumor in Children.

Background: The incidental discovery of brain lesions in children has increased due to greater utilization of neuroimaging. Standardized surveillance and management guidelines following the discovery of such lesions remain nonexistent.

Objective: To study the natural history and management of incidental brain lesions in children.

Correction to: A consensus response on the complete picture: reply to Lynøe and Eriksson.

The original version on this paper contained an error. The COI statement is incorrectly presented.

Consensus statement on abusive head trauma in infants and young children.

Abusive head trauma (AHT) is the leading cause of fatal head injuries in children younger than 2 years. A multidisciplinary team bases this diagnosis on history, physical examination, imaging and laboratory findings. Because the etiology of the injury is multifactorial (shaking, shaking and impact, impact, etc.

The Frequency and Severity of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Abnormalities in Infants with Mild Neonatal Encephalopathy.

Objective: To assess and contrast the incidence and severity of abnormalities on cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between infants with mild, moderate, and severe neonatal encephalopathy who received therapeutic hypothermia.

Study Design: This retrospective cohort studied infants with mild, moderate, and severe neonatal encephalopathy who received therapeutic hypothermia at a single tertiary neonatal intensive care unit between 2013 and 2015. Two neuroradiologists masked to the clinical condition evaluated brain MRIs for cerebral injury after therapeutic hypothermia using the Barkovich classification system.

Clinical Trial of the Protein Farnesylation Inhibitors Lonafarnib, Pravastatin, and Zoledronic Acid in Children With Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome.

Background: Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is an extremely rare, fatal, segmental premature aging syndrome caused by a mutation in LMNA yielding the farnesylated aberrant protein progerin. Without progerin-specific treatment, death occurs at an average age of 14.6 years from an accelerated atherosclerosis.

Hemifacial Spasm in a Child Treated With Microvascular Decompression of the Facial Nerve.

Background: Hemifacial spasm is a rare condition in children that is characterized by involuntary contractions of muscles innervated by the ipsilateral facial nerve.

Patient Description: We describe a 6-year-old girl who presented with intermittent involuntary spasms of the right face. Magnetic resonance imaging demostrated a loop of the anterior inferior cerebral artery contacting and elevating the cisternal segment of the right facial nerve; this finding was confirmed at surgery where microvascular decompression of the facial nerve was performed without complication.

Myxopapillary ependymomas in children: imaging, treatment and outcomes.

Myxopapillary ependymomas (MPEs) are rare spinal tumors in children. The natural history and clinical course of pediatric MPEs are largely unknown and the indication for adjuvant therapy remains to be clarified. We performed an IRB-approved, retrospective review of children with MPEs treated at the Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorder Center between 1982 and 2013.

Retroclival collections associated with abusive head trauma in children.

Retroclival collections are rare lesions reported almost exclusively in children and strongly associated with trauma. We examine the incidence and imaging characteristics of retroclival collections in young children with abusive head trauma. We conducted a database search to identify children with abusive head trauma ≤ 3 years of age with brain imaging performed between 2007 and 2013.

Disorders and tumors of the salivary glands in children.

Salivary gland neoplasms are rare in children. In infants most tumors are benign hemangiomas, with some notable exceptions, such as sialoblastomas. An asymptomatic swelling in the periauricular region is the most common presenting complaint in older children.

Pediatric nodular fasciitis in the head and neck: evaluation and management.

Importance: Nodular fasciitis is a rare benign tumor that can present in the head and neck in children. A better understanding of this rare condition is critical to optimize management.

Objective: To review the presentation, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of pediatric nodular fasciitis of the head and neck.

Management of a large antenatally recognized foregut duplication cyst of the tongue causing respiratory distress at birth.

Importance: Foregut duplication cysts are benign developmental anomalies occurring along the foregut-derived portion of the alimentary tract. Several cases of foregut duplications in the head and neck region have been reported, most without airway symptoms. This case is an antenatally recognized anterior tongue lesion leading to respiratory difficulties at birth that was successfully managed by a coordinated fetal care team.

Neurologic features of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome after lonafarnib treatment.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate neurologic status pre- and posttreatment with the oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor lonafarnib in children with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), a rare, fatal disorder of segmental premature aging that results in early death by myocardial infarction or stroke.

Methods: The primary outcome measure for intervention with lonafarnib was to assess increase over pretherapy in estimated annual rate of weight gain. In this study, neurologic signs and symptoms were compared pre- and posttreatment with lonafarnib.

Prevalence and relevance of pediatric spinal fractures in suspected child abuse.

Background: Spinal fractures are uncommon manifestations of child abuse and elimination of the lateral views of the spine from the initial skeletal survey protocol has been recommended.

Objective: To establish the prevalence of spinal fractures detected on skeletal surveys performed for suspected child abuse and their association with intracranial injury (ICI).

Materials And Methods: The ACR standardized skeletal surveys and neuroimaging studies of 751 children (ages 0-4 years) were reviewed.

Dysplastic-reactive choroid plexus presenting as an intramedullary tumor of the cervicomedullary junction in a patient with myelomeningocele.

Dysplastic structural lesions within the fourth ventricle have been reported in patients with Chiari malformation type II (CM-II). The authors report the unique case of a 22-year-old patient with myelomeningocele who presented with progressive pain, decreasing hand function, and lower cranial nerve dysfunction in the context of a slowly enlarging intramedullary mass at the cervicomedullary junction. At surgery a multinodular mass attached to caudally displaced fourth ventricle choroid plexus was completely removed from an expanded central canal.