Are Supervision Violations Filling Prisons? The Role of Probation, Parole, and New Offenses in Driving Mass Incarceration.

Advocates for reform have highlighted violations of probation and parole conditions as a key driver of mass incarceration. As a 2019 Council of State Governments report declared, supervision violations are "filling prisons and burdening budgets." Yet few scholarly accounts estimate the precise role of technical violations in fueling prison populations during the prison boom.

Beyond "pains" and "gains": untangling the health consequences of probation.

Background: Research on the health consequences of criminal legal system contact has increasingly looked beyond imprisonment to understand how more routine forms of surveillance and punishment shape wellbeing. One of these sites is probation, the largest form of supervision in the U.S.

Physical Health and Disability Among U.S. Adults Recently on Community Supervision.

Estimates of chronic conditions and disability among individuals on community supervision in the United States are lacking. We used 2015-2016 data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health ( = 78,761) to examine the prevalence of chronic conditions and disability among nonelderly adults who had been on probation or parole in the past year, compared to adults without community supervision in the past year. The weighted sample was representative of 4,594,412 adults on community supervision and 191,156,710 adults without community supervision in the past year.

Discourses of Mass Probation: From Managing Risk to Ending Human Warehousing in Michigan.

Over the past decade, some Western countries have begun to re-embrace the language of rehabilitation and calls for penal moderation. Risk logics-which undergirded the rise of mass incarceration in the U.S.

Mass probation: Toward a more robust theory of state variation in punishment.

Scholarship on the expansion of the U.S. carceral state has primarily focused on imprisonment rates.

Fracturing the Penal State: State Actors and the Role of Conflict in Penal Change.

The concept of a penal or carceral state has quickly become a staple in punishment and criminal justice literature. However, the concept, which suffers from a proliferation of meanings and is frequently undefined, gives readers the impression that there is a single, unified, and actor-less state responsible for punishment. This contradicts the thrust of recent punishment literature, which emphasizes fragmentation, variegation, and constant conflict across the actors and institutions that shape penal policy and practice.

Indirect Referral of Orthopaedic Patients to a Safety-Net Hospital.

Objective: Patients seen in emergency departments (EDs) not requiring admission are typically discharged with appropriate follow-up. Sometimes hospitals indirectly refer, or redirect, patients to a different hospital's ED. Anecdotally, indirect referrals are commonly received in safety-net hospitals.

The Paradox of Probation: Community Supervision in the Age of Mass Incarceration.

After four decades of steady growth, U.S. states' prison populations finally appear to be declining, driven by a range of sentencing and policy reforms.

The place of punishment: Variation in the provision of inmate services staff across the punitive turn.

Unlabelled: Despite the growing literature on the punitive turn, knowledge of how the experience of American imprisonment varied across time and place remain limited. This article begins to fill that gap, providing a more nuanced portrayal of rehabilitation during the punitive turn.

Purpose: To examine how one aspect of the rehabilitative ideal in practice-the provision of staff dedicated to inmate services-varied across time and place over the past 30 years.

Rehabilitation in the Punitive Era: The Gap between Rhetoric and Reality in U.S. Prison Programs.

Scholars of mass incarceration point to the 1970s as a pivotal turning point in U.S. penal history, marked by a shift towards more punitive policies and a consensus that "nothing works" in rehabilitating inmates.