Surgery or Endovascular Therapy for Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia.

Background: Patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) require revascularization to improve limb perfusion and thereby limit the risk of amputation. It is uncertain whether an initial strategy of endovascular therapy or surgical revascularization for CLTI is superior for improving limb outcomes.

Methods: In this international, randomized trial, we enrolled 1830 patients with CLTI and infrainguinal peripheral artery disease in two parallel-cohort trials.

Evolving the surveillance and workup of heart transplant rejection: A real-world analysis of the Molecular Microscope Diagnostic System.

The Molecular Microscope Diagnostic System (MMDx) analyzes RNA transcripts of transplanted heart tissue to differentiate among T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR), antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), injury, and healthy tissue. However, little is known about its performance in relation to other modalities in a real-world heart transplant population. We evaluated whether MMDx performs in agreement with other validated modalities.

Author Correction: Elevated faecal 12,13-diHOME concentration in neonates at high risk for asthma is produced by gut bacteria and impedes immune tolerance.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Elevated faecal 12,13-diHOME concentration in neonates at high risk for asthma is produced by gut bacteria and impedes immune tolerance.

Neonates at risk of childhood atopy and asthma exhibit perturbation of the gut microbiome, metabolic dysfunction and increased concentrations of 12,13-diHOME in their faeces. However, the mechanism, source and contribution of this lipid to allergic inflammation remain unknown. Here, we show that intra-abdominal treatment of mice with 12,13-diHOME increased pulmonary inflammation and decreased the number of regulatory T (T) cells in the lungs.

Minimizing the Relationship Between Early Formula Use and Breastfeeding Cessation by Limiting Formula Volume.

Early exposure to formula can interfere with successful long-term breastfeeding. The objective of this study was to determine whether limiting the volume of formula used in the first month attenuates formula's detrimental impact on long-term breastfeeding success. Using detailed data on dietary intake from a randomized clinical trial, we conducted a secondary analysis of the association between volume of formula received in the first month and breastfeeding cessation before 6 and 12 months of age.

Pilot Analysis of Early Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG for Infant Colic Prevention.

We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a trial of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) supplementation as a pilot study to assess whether LGG prevents infant colic. For the first 6 months of life, infants received a daily dose of 10 billion colony-forming units of LGG or a control (n = 184). We compared the likelihood of a diagnosis of colic before 4 months of age, based on parent-reported symptoms or a physician diagnosis of colic.

Delayed gut microbiota development in high-risk for asthma infants is temporarily modifiable by Lactobacillus supplementation.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic dysfunction in infancy precedes childhood atopy and asthma development. Here we examined gut microbiota maturation over the first year of life in infants at high risk for asthma (HR), and whether it is modifiable by early-life Lactobacillus supplementation. We performed a longitudinal comparison of stool samples collected from HR infants randomized to daily oral Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (HRLGG) or placebo (HRP) for 6 months, and healthy (HC) infants.

Postpartum Depression: When Should Health Care Providers Identify Those at Risk?

Maternal postpartum depression (PPD) has an impact on mothers and infants. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends screening for PPD at well-child visits during the first 6 months. We conducted a secondary data analysis of depression screening data collected each month during months 1 to 12 postpartum for 152 mothers with an infant participating in a randomized controlled trial.

Early Probiotic Supplementation for Eczema and Asthma Prevention: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objectives: To determine if probiotic administration during the first 6 months of life decreases childhood asthma and eczema.

Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind controlled trial of GG (LGG) supplementation on the cumulative incidence of eczema (primary end point) and asthma and rhinitis (secondary end points) in high-risk infants. For the first 6 months of life, intervention infants ( = 92) received a daily dose of 10 billion colony-forming units of LGG and 225 mg of inulin (Amerifit Brands, Cromwell, CT), and control infants ( = 92) received 325 mg of inulin alone.

Television During Meals in the First 4 Years of Life.

The development of children's mealtime television (TV) habits has not been well studied. We assessed whether mealtime TV habits established in infancy will persist into early childhood. We analyzed data collected through parent surveys at birth and at 6-month intervals from a randomized controlled trial.

The Timing of Infant Food Introduction in Families With a History of Atopy.

Objective: To describe the timing of introduction and type of food introduced to infants with a family history of atopy.

Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of foods introduced each month to an interventional birth cohort of 149 infants at risk for atopy.

Results: Seven percent of infants received solid food prior to 4 months of age; 13% after 6 months of age.

Lactobacillus casei abundance is associated with profound shifts in the infant gut microbiome.

Colonization of the infant gut by microorganisms over the first year of life is crucial for development of a balanced immune response. Early alterations in the gastrointestinal microbiota of neonates has been linked with subsequent development of asthma and atopy in older children. Here we describe high-resolution culture-independent analysis of stool samples from 6-month old infants fed daily supplements of Lactobacillus casei subsp.

Examining the hygiene hypothesis: the Trial of Infant Probiotic Supplementation.

The hygiene hypothesis suggests that the absence of infectious exposure at a critical point in immune system development leads to a greater risk for the later development of atopic disease. As a result, it may be possible to devise strategies that can block the onset of atopic diseases such as asthma. This paper outlines the rationale, background and design for the Trial of Infant Probiotic Supplementation study, which is designed to test the effectiveness of a daily infant probiotic supplement in the first 6 months of life in preventing the development of early markers of asthma.