Pharmacokinetics and Safety of the Integrase Inhibitors Elvitegravir and Dolutegravir in Pregnant Women With HIV.

To synthesize data on the pharmacokinetics and safety of dolutegravir and elvitegravir in pregnant women living with HIV. A PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar literature search (January 2010 to December 2018) was performed using the search terms *, and . Additional reports were identified from conference abstracts and review of reference lists.

Dolutegravir Dual Therapy as Maintenance Treatment in HIV-Infected Patients: A Review.

Objective: To review available evidence for dolutegravir-based dual therapy as maintenance treatment in HIV-1 infected patients.

Data Sources: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar to the end of January 2018. Conference abstracts and article bibliographies were also reviewed.

Probable interaction between levothyroxine and ritonavir: Case report and literature review.

Purpose: A case of probable interaction of levothyroxine and ritonavir is presented along with a review of the relevant literature and recommendations on clinical management.

Summary: A 37-year-old woman with human immunodeficiency virus infection who had recently undergone thyroidectomy for a benign multinodular goiter presented to a clinic with hypothyroidism (she was also found to be pregnant), and treatment with levothyroxine 75 μg daily was initiated. While receiving antiretroviral therapy (abacavir-lamivudine and lopinavir-ritonavir) during pregnancy, the patient had persistently elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations (up to 125.

Discontinuing Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Prophylaxis in HIV-Infected Patients With a CD4 Cell Count <200 cells/mm3.

Objective: To review the evidence for discontinuing primary and secondary Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) prophylaxis in HIV-infected patients with a CD4 count <200 cells/mm(3).

Data Sources: We conducted a literature search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and the International Aids Society Library (up to August 2015) using the following key search terms: Pneumocystis jirovecii, pneumonia, human immunodeficiency virus, primary prophylaxis, secondary prophylaxis, and discontinuation.

Study Selection And Data Extraction: All English-language studies that evaluated discontinuation of primary and/or secondary PJP prophylaxis in HIV-infected patients with CD4 count <200 cells/mm(3) were included.

The Use of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Complex Antituberculous and Antiretroviral Drug Dosing in HIV/Tuberculosis-Coinfected Patients.

Unlabelled: We report 2 cases coinfected with HIV and tuberculosis (HIV/TB), requiring drug dose adjustments guided by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and/or serum drug concentrations.

Case 1: Over the course of the 9-months of TB treatment, drugs that required increased doses due to low concentrations included efavirenz (800 mg), rifampin (900 mg), and isoniazid (450 mg). Higher drug doses were well tolerated until the end of treatment.

Antiretroviral-Related Alopecia in HIV-Infected Patients.

Unlabelled: Objective: To review the literature evaluating antiretroviral-related alopecia and to provide guidance on the differential diagnosis and management of this condition.

Data Sources: A literature search was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), and the Cochrane database (through May 2014). Relevant conference abstracts and product monographs were reviewed.

Antiretroviral and Medication Errors in Hospitalized HIV-Positive Patients.

Objective: To summarize the literature regarding antiretroviral and other medication errors in hospitalized HIV-positive patients and to discuss potential interventions and solutions that have been studied to minimize drug error.

Data Sources: A systematic search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE (2000-April 2014) was conducted. Search terms included HIV/AIDS, HAART, hospitalization, patient admission, inpatient, patient transfer, medication error, inappropriate prescribing, drug interaction, drug omission, drug toxicity, and contraindication.

Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome after intra-articular triamcinolone in a patient receiving ritonavir-boosted darunavir.

Drug interactions involving human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors are common due to their inhibition of the cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme. We describe the case of an HIV-infected patient treated with ritonavir-boosted darunavir who developed cushingoid features following an intra-articular injection of triamcinolone acetate. We review the probable mechanism for this interaction and describe similar cases of Cushing syndrome in patients receiving concomitant ritonavir and triamcinolone.

Adverse effects of antiretrovirals in HIV-infected pregnant women.

Background: Current guidelines for the use of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy during pregnancy recommend that women be offered treatment with combination ARV therapy used in nonpregnant HIV-infected individuals. It is unclear whether the risk of ARV-related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is increased during pregnancy.

Objective: To evaluate the frequency and severity of ADRs likely caused by ARV therapy in pregnant women who are HIV-positive.

Induction effects of ritonavir: implications for drug interactions.

Objective: To review the literature on the induction effects of ritonavir on the cytochrome P450 enzyme system and glucuronyl transferase and identify resultant established and potential drug interactions.

Data Sources: Primary literature was identified from MEDLINE (1950-April 2008), EMBASE (1988-April 2008) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-April 2008) using the search terms ritonavir, cytochrome P450 enzyme system, enzyme induction, glucuronyl transferase, and drug interactions. Additionally, relevant conference abstracts and references of relevant articles were reviewed.

Complexity of interactions between voriconazole and antiretroviral agents.

Objective: To evaluate and summarize pertinent aspects of the literature on interactions between voriconazole and antiretroviral agents.

Data Sources: Primary literature was identified through MEDLINE (1950-February 2008), EMBASE (1988-February 2008), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-February 2008) using the search terms voriconazole, ritonavir, protease inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, raltegravir, maraviroc, and drug interactions. Additionally, relevant abstracts from infectious diseases and HIV conferences (2004-February 2008), reference citations from relevant publications, and product information monographs were reviewed.

Abacavir hypersensitivity reaction: an update.

Objective: To review the clinical features, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of abacavir hypersensitivity reaction (HSR).

Data Sources: A MEDLINE (1950-October 2007) and EMBASE (1980-October 2007) search using key words abacavir, HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, hypersensitivity reaction, HLA-B(*)5701, and patch tests was conducted. Conference abstracts and article bibliographies were reviewed to identify relevant studies.

Pharmaceutical care for HIV patients on directly observed therapy.

Background: Inner-city patients infected with HIV can be a challenging group to treat. Homelessness, mental illness, substance abuse, and hepatitis C infection may serve as barriers to effective treatment. A multidisciplinary team including the pharmacist can impact upon the delivery of care to the inner-city HIV patient population.