Intraoperative Identification of Clavicle Fracture Patterns: Do Clavicles Fail in a Predictable Pattern?

Objectives: To characterize the fracture pattern and pattern of fragmentation for displaced, midshaft clavicle fractures undergoing operative management.

Design: Prospective observational study.

Setting: Two institutions.

SUMOylation Regulates Transcription by the Progesterone Receptor A Isoform in a Target Gene Selective Manner.

Luminal breast cancers express estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors, and respond to endocrine therapies. However, some ER+PR+ tumors display intrinsic or acquired resistance, possibly related to PR. Two PR isoforms, PR-A and PR-B, regulate distinct gene subsets that may differentially influence tumor fate.

Vascular endothelial growth factor secreted by activated stroma enhances angiogenesis and hormone-independent growth of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

"Reactive" or activated stroma characterizes many malignancies including breast cancers. Recently, we isolated a reactive mouse mammary gland stromal cell line called BJ3Z. These cells express alpha-smooth muscle actin and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and are tumorigenic when injected into mice.

Mechanisms underlying the control of progesterone receptor transcriptional activity by SUMOylation.

Posttranslational modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a major regulator of transcription. We previously showed that progesterone receptors (PR) have a single consensus psiKXE SUMO-conjugation motif centered at Lys-388 in the N-terminal domain of PR-B and a homologous site of PR-A. SUMOylation of the PR is hormone-dependent and has a suppressive effect on transcription of an exogenous promoter.