[Women's particular pulmonary susceptibility to tobacco: the example of COPD].

THE EXAMPLE OF COPD . Women are more susceptible to the harmful effects of smoking than men, even with moderate exposure, and this vulnerability begins in childhood. The prevalence of smoking has even increased, in certain age groups of women, in France between 2019 and 2021.

[How can we prevent teenage smoking ?].

Smoking rates in Europe are falling steadily among teenagers. The main reasons why young people start smoking are highlighted. Preventing young people from starting to smoke is based on a combination of three approaches: firstly, interventions in schools, incorporating educational programs from an early age; secondly, comprehensive tobacco control measures, such as bans on sales to minors and higher taxes on tobacco products; -thirdly, targeted communication campaigns.

[Smoking and tuberculosis].

SMOKING AND TUBERCULOSIS. Tuberculosis and smoking are responsible for high mortality worldwide. Tuberculosis causes 9 million incident cases and 1.

[The shared educational assessment in the smoking cessation process].

In the context of smoking cessation, the shared educational assessment (BEP) enables us to assess the smoker's needs, define specific objectives and set up appropriate educational workshops. This multidisciplinary approach helps smokers to maintain their smoking cessation. The BEP is the first step in the educational process, exploring the various classic dimensions of therapeutic patient education (TPE) and then defining an action plan based on the priorities identified.

[Tobacco and tuberculosis: the nature of the links and the consequences of this association].

Tuberculosis and smoking are responsible for significant mortality worldwide. Smoking is spreading in emerging countries, and its prevalence is high in developed countries among socially disadvantaged populations; it could be the source of a resurgence of tuberculosis in future years. The aim of this review is to clarify the consequences of the association between smoking and tuberculosis, and the benefits of smoking cessation for smokers with tuberculosis.

[Smoking cessation in smokers under treatment for lung cancer. Current data].

In 2020, lung cancer was the cause of 18 % of all cancer deaths; smoking accounting for around 90 % of all lung cancers. Despite advances in lung cancer treatment, tobacco control measures are the most effective in curbing the lung cancer epidemic. Nevertheless, smoking cessation at all stages of the cancer process is associated with benefits in terms of cure, improved life expectancy and quality of life for patients, reduced medical or surgical complications, and reduced risk of recurrence or occurrence of a second primary cancer.

Systematic Review and Critical Analysis of Longitudinal Studies Assessing Effect of E-Cigarettes on Cigarette Initiation among Adolescent Never-Smokers.

Unlabelled: Prospective longitudinal studies mainly conclude on a causal role of e-cigarettes in the initiation of cigarettes in flagrant contradiction with conclusions drawn from epidemiology and other studies showing a sharp decline in cigarette use in parallel with the spread of e-cigarette use. This systematic review explores the reasons for this discrepancy.

Methods: Among 84 publications on e-cigarette/cigarette association in adolescents identified in the Medline database from 2011 to 2022, 23 concern 22 never-smoker longitudinal sub-cohorts.

[Shisha smoking: infatuation and harmfulness].

"Shisha smoking: infatuation and harmfulness. The use of shisha (hookah, water pipe, narghile) consists in the inhalation of tobacco smoke, after passing through water is spreading among young people. This practice induces dependency and short and long-term health risks like those of smoking to health.

[From reducing tobacco consumption to stopping completely, what accompaniment?].

Reducing tobacco consumption does not reduce the risk of mortality and morbidity associated with pathologies caused by smoking. It should therefore only be a transitional step towards a complete stop. Caregivers will encourage the use of smoking cessation medication that avoid the phenomenon of compensation and promote complete cessation of smoking.

[Influence of post-traumatic stress disorder on asthma].

Introduction: Exposure to a traumatic event may not only lead to a large variety of mental disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but also respiratory symptoms and/or respiratory diseases, as asthma.

Objectives: Systematic literature review of data on the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder on asthma.

Documentary Sources: Medline, on the period 1980-2018 with the following keywords: "PTSD" or "post-traumatic stress disorder" or "post-traumatic stress disorder" and "asthma", limits "title/abstract"; the selected languages were English or French.

[Helping the smoker at each stage of maturation of the decision to quit smoking].

Une personne qui arrête de fumer passe par cinq stades de maturation de la décision et par le stade, facultatif, de rechute. L'évaluation de la motivation à l'arrêt à l'aide d'autoquestionnaires simples et rapides est recommandée. À chaque stade, le soignant peut et doit aider le fumeur à faire face aux éventuelles difficultés, en utilisant les techniques des thérapies cognitives et comportementales.

[COPD: think about occupational exposures!].

Copd: think about occupational exposures! Unfortunately, the occupational exposures of COPD are still poorly taught and poorly researched, although they account for 15 to 20% of all COPD. The clinician must know them well and therefore systematically seek them for any newly diagnosed case. A thorough and rigorous professional interview allows to trace the entire professional career, even when the patient smokes.

[Asthma and heroin use].

Introduction: Heroin use can be responsible for many respiratory complications including asthma.

Objectives: Systematic literature review of data on asthma in heroin users.

Documentary Sources: Medline, on the period 1980-2017 with the following keywords: keywords: "asthma" or "bronchospasm" and "heroin" or "opiate" or "opiates", limits "title/abstract"; the selected languages were English or French.

[Pneumomediastinum and cocaine use].

Introduction: In France, cocaine is the second most commonly used illicit drug after cannabis. It can be responsible for many respiratory disorders among which pneumomediastinum.

Objectives: Systematic literature review of data on pneumediastinum in cocaine users.

[Efficacy and security of electronic cigarette for tobacco harm reduction: Systematic review and meta-analysis].

Context: Smoking is the first cause of preventable death in France and in the world. Without help, it was shown that 80 % of smokers who try to quit smoking relapse after one month with a low long-term success rate. Smoking reduction can concern smokers who did not want to quit or failed in their attempt to weaning.

[Smoking, smoking cessation and Crohn's disease].

Context: Smoking whose prevalence is higher in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) worsens its evolution. Ulcerative colitis mostly affect non- or ex-smokers; smoking may improve the course of the disease.

Objectives: Systematic literature review of data on the relationship between smoking, smoking cessation and Crohn'disease.

[Smoking: what are the health risks?].

Smoking is the primary cause of avoidable deaths in developing countries; it is the principal cause of many illnesses and is risk factor or aggravated cause. Cigarettes or smokeless tobacco have a direct or indirect toxicity effect on practically every organ. The induced diseases are cardiovascular, cancers, respiratory complaints and many consequences less well known but often serious.

[Smoking and tuberculosis].

Smoking and tuberculosis represent two major world health issues particularly in developing countries. Tobacco smoke increases risk of Mycobaterium tuberculosis infection by several means: alteration of muco-ciliary clearance, reduced alveolar macrophage activity; immune-depression of pulmonary lymphocytes, reduction of cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells, alteration of the activity of the pulmonary dendritic cells. Both active and passive smoking increases the risk of latent tubercular infection and of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis.

[Smokeless tobacco].

The use of snus (smokeless tobacco) can be detrimental to health. Containing carcinogenic nitrosamines (Swedish snus do not contain nitrosamine). Snus delivers rapidly high doses of nicotine which can lead to dependence.