A systematic approach to derive natural background levels in groundwater: Application to an aquifer in North Lebanon perturbed by various pollution sources.

Several efforts have recently emerged to develop methods capable of determining groundwater natural background levels (NBLs) due to their utmost importance in assessing water quality. A recently developed systematic approach to derive NBLs is the Khadra-Stuyfzand (KS) scheme. It has a clear and standardized flow with multi-steps to eliminate biased or contaminated samples, and hence it is capable of dealing with different pollution sources as well as saltwater intrusion.

Perceived healthcare workforce needs in Lebanon: a step towards informed human resources planning and professional development.

Background: Research in various countries has previously investigated the competencies required for effective management of health care organizations. Yet, limited information is available on the skills and knowledge areas, which are currently lacking among the healthcare workforce employed in environments with limited resources.

Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the perceived healthcare workforce needs at the management and clinical/practice levels in Lebanon.