Association of Low Urinary Sodium Excretion With Increased Risk of Stroke.

The positive relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure is well established. However, results of observational studies on dietary sodium intake and risk of stroke are inconsistent. Moreover, prospective studies with multiple 24-hour urine samples for accurate estimation of habitual sodium intake are scarce.

Magnesium and Blood Pressure: A Physiology-Based Approach.

Hypertension is an important public health challenge because of its high prevalence and strong association with cardiovascular disease and premature death. Hypertension is a major cause of CKD, is present in more than 80% of CKD patients, and contributes to CKD progression. Risk factors for hypertension include, but are not limited to, age, race, family history, obesity, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and inadequate intake of minerals such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium.

Proenkephalin and risk of developing chronic kidney disease: the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease study.

Background: Proenkephalin (pro-ENK) was recently found to be associated with low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The association of pro-ENK with urinary albumin excretion (UAE), another marker for chronic kidney disease (CKD), has not been investigated. We examined the association of pro-ENK with eGFR and UAE as markers of CKD.

Plasma Proenkephalin and Poor Long-Term Outcome in Renal Transplant Recipients.

Background: Proenkephalin (pro-ENK), a stable and reliable surrogate marker for unstable enkephalins, was found to be associated with acute kidney injury and chronic renal failure in previous studies. We aimed to investigate whether pro-ENK is linked to chronic kidney injury and poor long-term outcome in renal transplant recipients (RTR).

Methods: We included 664 stable RTR and 95 healthy kidney donors.

Plasma potassium, diuretic use and risk of developing chronic kidney disease in a predominantly White population.

Objective: Both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia are associated with disease progression in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is unclear whether similar associations are present in the general population. Our aim was to examine the association of plasma potassium with risk of developing CKD and the role of diuretics in this association in a population-based cohort.

Intake of n-3 fatty acids and long-term outcome in renal transplant recipients: a post hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study.

Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids may improve long-term outcomes of renal transplant recipients (RTR). Recent evidence suggests that EPA and DHA have different outcomes compared with α-linolenic acid (ALA). We examined the prospective associations of EPA-DHA and ALA intakes with graft failure and all-cause mortality in 637 RTR.

Urinary potassium excretion, renal ammoniagenesis, and risk of graft failure and mortality in renal transplant recipients.

Background: Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) have commonly been urged to limit their potassium intake during renal insufficiency and may adhere to this principle after transplantation. Importantly, in experimental animal models, low dietary potassium intake induces kidney injury through stimulation of ammoniagenesis. In humans, low potassium intake is an established risk factor for high blood pressure.

Plasma calcidiol, calcitriol, and parathyroid hormone and risk of new onset heart failure in a population-based cohort study.

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a major problem in the Western world, with increasing prevalence and incidence. Because HF cannot be cured, prevention of HF is of utter importance. Calcidiol, calcitriol, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) have been identified as risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Low potassium excretion but not high sodium excretion is associated with increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease.

It is unclear whether sodium and potassium intake is relevant to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population. Our aim was to examine the associations of urinary sodium (UNaV) and potassium excretion (UKV), as estimates of intake, with risk of developing CKD in a population-based cohort. We studied 5315 individuals free of CKD at baseline of the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease (PREVEND) study, a prospective, population-based cohort of Dutch men and women aged 28 to 75 years.

Urinary potassium excretion and risk of cardiovascular events.

Background: Observational studies on dietary potassium and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have reported weak-to-modest inverse associations. Long-term prospective studies with multiple 24-h urinary samples for accurate estimation of habitual potassium intake, however, are scarce.

Objective: We examined the association between urinary potassium excretion and risk of blood pressure-related cardiovascular outcomes.

Plasma Vitamin D Level and Change in Albuminuria and eGFR According to Sodium Intake.

Background And Objectives: Low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and high sodium intake are both associated with progressive albuminuria and renal function loss in CKD. Both vitamin D and sodium intake interact with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. We investigated whether plasma 25(OH)D or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] is associated with developing increased albuminuria or reduced renal function and whether these associations depend on sodium intake.

Plasma 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and the Risk of Developing Hypertension: The Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease Study.

Previous observational studies on the vascular effects of vitamin D have predominantly relied on measurement of its inactive precursor, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, whereas the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D may be of more physiological relevance. We prospectively studied the associations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D with hypertension risk (blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg or initiation of blood pressure-lowering drugs) in 5066 participants aged 28 to 75 years, free of hypertension at baseline from the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease Study, a well-defined cohort with serial follow-up. We measured plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Socioeconomic disparities in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Context: Evidence on the strength of the association between low SES and chronic kidney disease (CKD; measured by low estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], high albuminuria, low eGFR/high albuminuria, and renal failure) is scattered and sometimes conflicting. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to summarize the strength of the associations between SES and CKD and identify study-level characteristics related to this association.

Evidence Acquisition: Studies published through January 2013 in MEDLINE and Embase were searched.

Causal path analyses of the association of protein intake with risk of mortality and graft failure in renal transplant recipients.

The effect of a low protein intake on survival in renal transplant recipients (RTR) is unknown. A low protein intake may increase risks of malnutrition, low muscle mass, and death. We aimed to study associations of protein intake with mortality and graft failure and to identify potential intermediate factors.

Alcohol consumption is inversely associated with the risk of developing chronic kidney disease.

There are few reports of associations between alcohol consumption and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). To investigate this further, we studied 5476 participants aged 28-75 years in the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease (PREVEND) study, a prospective population-based cohort, who were free of CKD at baseline (1997/1998). Alcohol consumption was self-reported on a questionnaire validated against serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Vitamin K status and mortality after kidney transplantation: a cohort study.

Background: Vitamin K modulates calcification by activating calcification inhibitors such as matrix Gla protein (MGP). In kidney transplant recipients, vitamin K insufficiency is common, but implications for long-term outcomes are unclear.

Study Design: Single-center observational study with a longitudinal design.

Urinary Urea Excretion and Long-term Outcome After Renal Transplantation.

Background: Little is known about optimal protein intake after transplantation. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate associations of urinary urea excretion, a marker for protein intake, with graft failure and mortality in renal transplant recipients (RTR) and potential effect modification by body mass index (BMI) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).

Methods: Urinary urea excretion was measured in repeated 24-hr urine collections between 6 and 18 months after transplantation.

Associations of 25(OH) and 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D with long-term outcomes in stable renal transplant recipients.

Context: Vitamin D deficiency is common in renal transplant recipients (RTR). The long-term implications of vitamin D deficiency in RTR remain unclear.

Objective: We investigated whether 25(OH) or 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D levels are associated with mortality, renal function decline, and graft failure in stable RTR.

Urinary potassium excretion and risk of developing hypertension: the prevention of renal and vascular end-stage disease study.

Previous prospective cohort studies on the association between potassium intake and risk of hypertension have almost exclusively relied on self-reported dietary data, whereas repeated 24-hour urine excretions, as estimate of dietary uptake, may provide a more objective and quantitative estimate of this association. Risk of hypertension (defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg or initiation of blood pressure-lowering drugs) was prospectively studied in 5511 normotensive subjects aged 28 to 75 years not using blood pressure-lowering drugs at baseline of the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease (PREVEND) study. Potassium excretion was measured in two 24-hour urine specimens at baseline (1997-1998) and midway during follow-up (2001-2003).

Plasma homocysteine, dietary B vitamins, betaine, and choline and risk of peripheral artery disease.

Objective: Few studies have examined the roles of homocysteine and related nutrients in the development of peripheral artery disease (PAD). We examined the associations between plasma homocysteine, dietary B vitamins, betaine, choline, and supplemental folic acid use and incidence of PAD.

Methods: We used two cohort studies of 72,348 women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS, 1990-2010) and 44,504 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS, 1986-2010).

The association of albuminuria with tubular reabsorption of uric acid: results from a general population cohort.

Background: Elevated albuminuria as well as an increased serum uric acid concentration is associated with poor cardiovascular outcome. We questioned whether these 2 variables (albuminuria and serum uric concentration) may be interrelated via tubular uric acid reabsorption.

Methods And Results: Included were 7688 participants of the PREVEND Study, an observational, general population-based cohort study.

Effect of moderate alcohol consumption on fetuin-A levels in men and women: post-hoc analyses of three open-label randomized crossover trials.

Background: Fetuin-A, a liver-derived glycoprotein that impairs insulin-signalling, has emerged as a biomarker for diabetes risk. Although moderate alcohol consumption has been inversely associated with fetuin-A, data from clinical trials are lacking. Thus, we evaluated whether moderate alcohol consumption decreases circulating levels of fetuin-A.