Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

The most frequent indication for pancreatic fine-needle aspiration sampling is to confirm or exclude a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC is the most common malignant neoplasm of the pancreas, and the term pancreatic cancer typically connotes this entity. The conventional type of PDAC is a tubular adenocarcinoma, with a number of morphological variations described.

Is serum lactate necessary in patients with normal anion gap and serum bicarbonate?

Introduction: There has been an increase in patients having serum lactate drawn in emergency situations. The objective of this study was to determine whether or not it was necessary to obtain a lactate level in patients with a normal serum bicarbonate level and anion gap.

Methods: This is a retrospective chart review evaluation of 304 patients who had serum lactate and electrolytes measured in an emergency setting in one academic medical center.

Soft tissue hemangioma with osseous extension: a case report and review of the literature.

Soft tissue hemangiomas are commonly encountered lesions, accounting for 7-10 % of all benign soft tissue masses (Mitsionis et al. J Foot Ankle Surg 16(2):27-9, 2010). While the literature describes the great majority of hemangiomas as asymptomatic and discovered only as incidental findings, they do have the potential to induce reactive changes in neighboring structures (Pastushyn et al.

Infiltration of proinflammatory m1 macrophages into the outer retina precedes damage in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in the developed world. Oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated in AMD, but precise mechanisms remain poorly defined. Carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP) is an AMD-associated lipid peroxidation product.