The impact and causal directions for the associations between diagnosis of ADHD, socioeconomic status, and intelligence by use of a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization design.

Background: Previous studies have reported associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and lower socioeconomic status and intelligence. We aimed to evaluate the causal directions and strengths for these associations by use of a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design.

Methods: We used summary-level data from the largest available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify genetic instruments for ADHD, intelligence, and markers of socioeconomic status including the Townsend deprivation index, household income, and educational attainment.

Proposal for a new definition of congenital complete atrioventricular block.

The classic old definition of congenital heart block by Yater (1929) is still generally accepted: 'Heart block established in a young patient. There must be some evidence of the existence of the slow pulse at a fairly early age and absence of a history of any infection which might cause the condition after birth: notably diphtheria, rheumatic fever, chorea and congenital syphilis'. However, other definitions are used.

Natural history of congenital complete atrioventricular block.

An update of studies on the natural history of congenital complete AV block is presented. A risk for heart failure, syncope, and sudden death is present at any age including fetal life. Unfavorable prognostic signs in utero are low and decreasing ventricular rate (VR), hydrops, AV valve regurgitation, and low aortic flow velocity.

Isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block in adult life. A prospective study.

Background: The prognosis of congenital complete atrioventricular block (CCHB) is usually considered favorable in adults. This belief is based on studies comprising a limited number of patients and with rather short observation times. In the present study, the natural history of the disease was investigated by a prospective follow-up through decades of adult life of patients with a large group having well-defined CCHB without structural heart disease.

Extreme underdevelopment of the left heart. The ultimate hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

We report a case of extreme underdevelopment of the left heart with a 12-day survival. At postmortem, neither a left atrium nor connecting pulmonary veins were identified. The left ventricle was only identified on histology.

Left internal mammary artery flap aortoplasty.

In 14 consecutive 9- to 18-year-old patients with preductal aortic coarctation and isthmic hypoplasia, we resected the coarctation ridge through a longitudinal aortotomy and widened the aorta with an in situ left internal mammary artery flap. This technique resulted in no surgical complications. At 6-month follow-up examination, the average decrease in systolic pressure across the repair was 8.

Friedreich's ataxia in 13 children: presentation and evolution with neurophysiologic, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic features.

Thirteen children with Friedreich's ataxia were reviewed. The clinical presentation and evolution of the disease was compared to that observed in large series--based mainly on adult patients--and the few studies in children. The mean age of onset (5.

The internal mammary artery as subclavian artery substitute in repair of coarctation of the aorta with subclavian flap technique.

In three children, aged 11, 11 and 13 years, long isthmic tubular hypoplasia of the aorta technically precluded resection and end-to-end anastomosis. The coarctation was instead corrected by means of a subclavian flap. Anastomosis between the distal end of the left internal mammary artery and the descending aorta permitted perfusion of the remaining portion of the subclavian artery.

Anatomy of congenital complete heart block and relation to maternal anti-Ro antibodies.

The anatomy of the conduction system was studied in 8 patients who had isolated congenital complete heart block. Atrial-axis discontinuity was seen in 7 hearts from children born to mothers with anti-Ro antibodies. The anticipated area of the atrioventricular node was occupied by fibrous and adipose tissue.

Cuff pressures and Doppler gradients after coarctectomy. A long-term follow-up.

Fourty-six adult patients operated on as children with resection and end to end anastomosis because of coarctation of the aorta were studied. The age at operation was 7 to 13 years (mean age 10 years) and at follow-up 18 to 28 years (mean age 21 years). Arm and thigh cuff pressure was measured at rest, during and immediately after submaximal exercise.

Q-T interval in congenital complete heart block.

The rate-corrected Q-T interval (Q-Tc) was measured in 273 children with congenital complete heart block. Fifty-nine had prolonged Q-Tc and 50 of these had symptoms. All 10 with isolated complete heart block, prolonged Q-Tc and bundle branch block had symptoms.

Long-term results following closure of isolated ostium secundum atrial septal defect in children and adults.

Information is presented on 166 patients operated for isolated atrial septal defect of secundum type with a mean follow-up time of 12 yr (range 8-21 yr). The mean age at operation was 23 yr (range 4-63 yr). The incidence of suspected mitral regurgitation is very low (4 cases).

Congenital left ventricular apical aneurysm.

An aneurysm of the left ventricular apex was accidently discovered on chest X-ray in an otherwise healthy 3 1/2-year-old-girl. Pre-operatively performed heart catheterization and ciné-angiography were followed by successful surgical removal of the aneurysm. Microscopic examination showed that the three layers of the myocardium were present, although it was degenerated by fibrosis.

Cardiovascular malformation in infant deaths. 10-year clinical and epidemiological study.

The infant mortality from cardiovascular malformations in a region with a population of 2 million inhabitants during a 10-year period has been studied. The study involved validation of the diagnoses and judgement whether the cardiovascular malformation was the dominating or a contributing cause of death. It is shown that the incidence of fatal cardiovascular malformations is probably overestimated in the official death statistics.

Familial, isolated, complete right bundle-branch block.

An electrocardiographic study of the families of two children with isolated complete right bundle-branch block is presented. Several cases of classical complete right bundle-branch block were disclosed (17/69 and 3/22 respectively) in three generations of the two families. Personal interviews and parish registers showed that the two families were related, being descendants 8 generations back from a glass-blower who has emigrated to Sweden in the eighteenth century.