from Human Wounds: Analysis of Resistance to β-Lactams and Expression of RND Efflux Pumps.

Purpose: Resistance of pathogenic strains of to β-lactams, particularly to ampicillin, is on the rise and it is attributed to intrinsic and acquired mechanisms. One important factor contributing to resistance, together with primarily resistance mechanisms, is a mutation and/or an over-expression of the intrinsic efflux pumps in the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) superfamily. Among these efflux pumps, AcrA, AcrB, TolC, and AcrD play an important role in antimicrobial co-resistance, including resistance to β-lactams.

Zinc effects on bacteria: insights from by multi-omics approach.

A long-term exposure of bacteria to zinc oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles leads to major alterations in bacterial morphology and physiology. These included biochemical and physiological processes promoting the emergence of strains with multi-drug resistance and virulence traits. After the removal of zinc pressure, bacterial phenotype reversed back to the original state; however, certain changes at the genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic level remained.