Estimation of population-specific values of theta for PowerPlex Y23 profiles.

We examine 31,011 PPY23 profiles at the population, metapopulation and world levels. Most haplotypes appear only once but a few have higher counts, including a set of 23 matching profiles in Delhi, India and a set of 16 matching profiles in Burkina Faso with one additional matching American African profile. We estimate Fvalues to be used as "theta" (θ) in match probability calculations, following the method we used in our earlier survey of autosomal STR data.

Association Between Centralization and Outcome for Children Admitted to Intensive Care in Australia and New Zealand: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Objectives: To describe regional differences and change over time in the degree of centralization of pediatric intensive care in Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) and to compare the characteristics and ICU mortality of children admitted to specialist PICUs and general ICUs (GICUs).

Design: A retrospective cohort study using registry data for two epochs of ICU admissions, 2003-2005 and 2016-2018.

Setting: Population-based study in ANZ.

Controlled trial of Hartmann's solution versus 0.9% saline for diabetic ketoacidosis.

Aim: We aimed to determine whether using a balanced salt solution, Hartmann's solution (HS), in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) shortens the time to normalise acid-base status through the avoidance of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis compared with 0.9% normal saline (NS).

Methods: We conducted a double-blind, randomised controlled trial comparing HS to NS as the initial intravenous fluid in children with DKA.

Hypothermia for Traumatic Brain Injury in Children-A Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objectives: To perform a pilot study to assess the feasibility of performing a phase III trial of therapeutic hypothermia started early and continued for at least 72 hours in children with severe traumatic brain injury.

Design: Multicenter prospective randomized controlled phase II trial.

Setting: All eight of the PICUs in Australia and New Zealand and one in Canada.

Role of routine repeat head imaging in paediatric traumatic brain injury.

Background: Paediatric traumatic brain injuries (TBI) remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Australia. There are clear guidelines on head imaging for children with TBI, but there is conflicting evidence on the role of routine repeat head computed tomography (CT) scan. This study aims to determine whether routine repeat head CT scans in paediatric TBI alter surgical or medical management.

A multinational study of thromboprophylaxis practice in critically ill children.

Objectives: Although critically ill children are at increased risk for developing deep venous thrombosis, there are few pediatric studies establishing the prevalence of thrombosis or the efficacy of thromboprophylaxis. We tested the hypothesis that thromboprophylaxis is infrequently used in critically ill children even for those in whom it is indicated.

Design: Prospective multinational cross-sectional study over four study dates in 2012.

Energy-efficient neuron, synapse and STDP integrated circuits.

Ultra-low energy biologically-inspired neuron and synapse integrated circuits are presented. The synapse includes a spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) learning rule circuit. These circuits have been designed, fabricated and tested using a 90 nm CMOS process.

Pandemic H1N1 in children requiring intensive care in Australia and New Zealand during winter 2009.

Objective: To describe in detail the pediatric intensive care experience of influenza A, particularly pandemic H1N1-09, in Australia and New Zealand during the 2009 Southern Hemisphere winter and to compare the pediatric experience with that of adults.

Method: This was an inception-cohort study of all children who were admitted to intensive care with confirmed influenza A during winter 2009 at all general ICUs and PICUs in Australia and New Zealand.

Results: From June 1 through August 31, 2009, 107 children (20.

Critical care services and 2009 H1N1 influenza in Australia and New Zealand.

Background: Planning for the treatment of infection with the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus through health care systems in developed countries during winter in the Northern Hemisphere is hampered by a lack of information from similar health care systems.

Methods: We conducted an inception-cohort study in all Australian and New Zealand intensive care units (ICUs) during the winter of 2009 in the Southern Hemisphere. We calculated, per million inhabitants, the numbers of ICU admissions, bed-days, and days of mechanical ventilation due to infection with the 2009 H1N1 virus.

Hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis slows recovery in children with diabetic ketoacidosis: a retrospective audit.

Introduction: Hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis (HMA) can occur in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), from urinary loss of bicarbonate precursors as ketones, or iatrogenically from chloride administration.

Objective: To determine whether children with DKA given normal saline developed HMA, and whether HMA delayed their recovery.

Setting: 13 Bed combined Paediatric Intensive Care/High Dependency Unit.

Glucose control, organ failure, and mortality in pediatric intensive care.

Objective: In ventilated children, to determine the prevalence of hyperglycemia, establish whether it is associated with organ failure, and document glycemic control practices in Australasian pediatric intensive care units (PICUs).

Design: Prospective inception cohort study.

Setting: All nine specialist PICUs in Australia and New Zealand.

Randomised controlled trial of intravenous maintenance fluids.

Aim: Traditional paediatric intravenous maintenance fluids are prescribed using hypotonic fluids and the weight-based 4:2:1 formula for administration rate. However, this may cause hyponatraemia in sick and post-operative children. We studied the effect of two types of intravenous maintenance fluid and two administration rates on plasma sodium concentration in intensive care patients.

Acute lung injury in pediatric intensive care in Australia and New Zealand: a prospective, multicenter, observational study.

Objective: Acute lung injury (ALI) is poorly defined in children. The objective of this prospective study was to clarify the incidence, demographics, management strategies, outcome, and mortality predictors of ALI in children in Australia and New Zealand.

Design: Multicenter prospective study during a 12-month period.