The genus core effectors display functional conservation among orthologs by themselves or combined with an accessory protein.

The intracellular pathogen as well as other species, utilize the Icm/Dot type-IV secretion system to translocate an exceptionally large and diverse repertoire of effectors into their host cells. However, only nine core effectors were found to be present in all analyzed species. In this study, we investigated the core effectors, and used intracellular growth complementation to determine whether orthologs of core effectors perform the same function in different species.

Posterior Capsular Plication Constrains the Glenohumeral Joint by Drawing the Humeral Head Closer to the Glenoid and Resisting Abduction.

Background: Shoulder pain is a common problem, with 30% to 50% of the American population affected annually. While the majority of these shoulder problems improve, there is a high rate of recurrence, as 54% of patients experience persistent symptoms 3 years after onset.

Purpose: Posterior shoulder tightness has been shown to alter glenohumeral (GH) kinematics.

Biomechanical characterization of unicortical button fixation: a novel technique for proximal subpectoral biceps tenodesis.

Purpose: Proximal biceps tenodesis is one method for treating biceps-related pain. Tenodesis protects the length-tension relationship of the biceps muscle, maintains strength, and provides a better cosmetic appearance than tenotomy. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the mechanical properties of a unicortical metal button and an interference screw in proximal biceps tenodesis.

A biomechanical evaluation of all-inside 2-stitch meniscal repair devices with matched inside-out suture repair.

Background: Many all-inside suture-based devices are currently available, including the Meniscal Cinch, FasT-Fix, Ultra FasT-Fix, RapidLoc, MaxFire, and CrossFix System. These different devices have been compared in various configurations, but to our knowledge, the Sequent meniscal repair device, which applies running sutures, has not been compared with the Ultra FasT-Fix, nor has it been compared with its suture, No. 0 Hi-Fi, using an inside-out repair technique.

Telomerase-specific T-cell immunity in breast cancer: effect of vaccination on tumor immunosurveillance.

The human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is nearly universally overexpressed in human cancer, contributes critically to oncogenesis, and is recognized by cytotoxic T cells that lyse tumors. CD8+ T cells specific for hTERT naturally occur in certain populations of cancer patients in remission, but it remains poorly understood whether such T cells could contribute to tumor immunosurveillance. To address this issue, we induced hTERT-specific T cells in vivo via peptide vaccination in 19 patients with metastatic breast cancer who otherwise had no measurable T-cell responses to hTERT at baseline.

Immunosurveillance and survivin-specific T-cell immunity in children with high-risk neuroblastoma.

Purpose: Tumor immunosurveillance influences oncogenesis and tumor growth, but it remains controversial whether clinical failure of immunosurveillance is a result of lymphocyte dysfunction or tumor escape. In this study, our goal was to characterize the physiology of tumor immunosurveillance in children with high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NBL).

Patients And Methods: Immunohistopathologic studies were carried out on 26 tumor samples from a cohort of HR-NBL patients diagnosed at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia for the 2-year period from May 2003 to May 2005.