Immersive distance simulation: Exploring the educational impact of stereoscopic extended reality (XR) video in remote learning environments.

There is a growing need for healthcare simulation options when local expertise or resources are not available. To connect instructors with remote learners, current options for distance simulation are typically limited to videoconferencing on desktop computers or mobile devices, which may not fully capture the complexity of clinical scenarios.Extended reality (XR) technology may provide a more immersive and realistic distance healthcare simulation experience compared to traditional videoconferencing options.

Comparing Capabilities of Simulation Modalities for Training Combat Casualty Care: Perspectives of Combat Medics.

Introduction: Combat casualty care requires learning a complex set of skills to treat patients in challenging situations, including resource scarce environments, multiple casualty incidents, and care under fire. To train the skills needed to respond efficiently and appropriately to these diverse conditions, instructors employ a wide array of simulation modalities. Simulation modalities for medical training include manikins, task trainers, standardized patient actors (i.

Capturing the underlying distribution in meta-analysis: Credibility and tolerance intervals.

Tolerance intervals provide a bracket intended to contain a percentage (e.g., 80%) of a population distribution given sample estimates of the mean and variance.

Quantifying uncertainty in the meta-analytic lower bound estimate.

In meta-analyses, it is customary to compute a confidence interval for the overall mean effect (ρ̄ or δ̄), but not for the underlying standard deviation (τ) or the lower bound of the credibility value (90%CV), even though the latter entities are often as important to the interpretation as is the overall mean. We introduce 2 methods of computing confidence intervals for the lower bound (Lawless and bootstrap). We compare both methods using 3 lower bound estimators (Schmidt-Hunter, Schmidt-Hunter with correction, and Morris/Hedges, labeled HOV/HOV) in 2 Monte Carlo studies (1 for correlations and 1 for standardized mean differences) and illustrate their application to published meta-analyses.

Direct Aspiration versus Stent Retriever Thrombectomy for Acute Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in 9127 Patients.

Background: The two most common approaches to thrombectomy of emergent large vessel occlusion (direct aspiration and primary stent retriever thrombectomy) have been extensively studied; however, the detailed benefit and risk comparison is largely unknown.

Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare radiographic and clinical outcomes between the use of primary stent retrievers and direct aspiration in management of acute ischemic stroke.

Methods: PubMed database was searched for studies between September 1, 2012 and December 31, 2017 with acute ischemic stroke patients.

Estimating the Reliability of Nontechnical Skills in Medical Teams.

Objective: To assess the reliability of measurement of assessments of nontechnical skills in medical teams.

Background: There are several scales for assessing nontechnical skills in medical teams. In this critique, we describe the reliability of such assessments and discuss factors that may influence the obtained estimate of reliability for such scales.

Cross-hairs: a scatterplot for meta-analysis in R.

We describe a meta-analytic scatterplot that indicates precision of points for two variables paired within studies; this is equivalent in form to a 'cross-hairs' plot used to portray specificity and sensitivity in diagnostic testing. At the user's discretion, the plot also displays boxplots for each of the X and Y variable distributions, means for each of the variables, and the correlation between the two. The cross-hairs may be suppressed for dense point clouds.

Medical student quality-of-life in the clerkships: a scale validation study.

Many aspects of medical school are stressful for students. To empirically assess student reactions to clerkship programs, or to assess efforts to improve such programs, educators must measure the overall well-being of the students reliably and validly. The purpose of the study was to develop and validate a measure designed to achieve these goals.

FLS skill acquisition: a comparison of blocked vs interleaved practice.

Introduction: Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) certification is required for general surgery. The recommended practice for learning FLS is to practice tasks one at a time until proficient (blocked practice). Learning theory suggests that interleaved practice, a method in which tasks are rotated rather than learned one at a time, may result in superior learning.

Malleability of weight-biased attitudes and beliefs: a meta-analysis of weight bias reduction interventions.

Weight bias exists across many important life domains, necessitating interventions designed to reduce weight-biased attitudes and beliefs. Though the effectiveness of weight bias interventions has been questioned, to our knowledge no meta-analysis of these interventions has been conducted. This meta-analysis evaluated the impact of weight bias interventions on weight-biased attitudes and beliefs and explored potential moderators.

Bayesian meta-analysis of coefficient alpha.

The current paper describes and illustrates a Bayesian approach to the meta-analysis of coefficient alpha. Alpha is the most commonly used estimate of the reliability or consistency (freedom from measurement error) for educational and psychological measures. The conventional approach to meta-analysis uses inverse variance weights to combine information from independent studies to provide an overall estimate.

Surgical interest and surgical match for third-year students: results of a prospective multivariate longitudinal cohort study.

Background: Numerous factors have been linked to surgical career choice, including the quality of third-year surgical clerkship. The vast majority of studies also selectively evaluate one or only a few variables that link to surgical career choice, so relative impact cannot be assessed. This study simultaneously evaluates the majority of variables linked to surgical career choice in previous research so that the relative contributions of each of these variables with respect to surgical career choice can be determined.

Psychometrics of Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) scores.

A sample of 183 medical students completed the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT V2.0). Scores on the test were examined for evidence of reliability and factorial validity.

A systematic review of the reliability of objective structured clinical examination scores.

Context: The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) is comprised of a series of simulations used to assess the skill of medical practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. It is often used in high-stakes examinations and therefore it is important to assess its reliability and validity.

Methods: The published literature was searched (PsycINFO, PubMed) for OSCE reliability estimates (coefficient alpha and generalisability coefficients) computed either across stations or across items within stations.

Publication bias in psychological science: prevalence, methods for identifying and controlling, and implications for the use of meta-analyses.

The issue of publication bias in psychological science is one that has remained difficult to address despite decades of discussion and debate. The current article examines a sample of 91 recent meta-analyses published in American Psychological Association and Association for Psychological Science journals and the methods used in these analyses to identify and control for publication bias. Of the 91 studies analyzed, 64 (70%) made some effort to analyze publication bias, and 26 (41%) reported finding evidence of bias.

Appearance-related teasing, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating: A meta-analysis.

A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between appearance and weight-based teasing and three outcome measures: body dissatisfaction, restrictive eating, and bulimic behaviors. Four meta-analyses were conducted. Fifty effect sizes (N=10,618) resulted in a moderate effect size of .

A Meta-Meta-Analysis: Empirical Review of Statistical Power, Type I Error Rates, Effect Sizes, and Model Selection of Meta-Analyses Published in Psychology.

This article uses meta-analyses published in Psychological Bulletin from 1995 to 2005 to describe meta-analyses in psychology, including examination of statistical power, Type I errors resulting from multiple comparisons, and model choice. Retrospective power estimates indicated that univariate categorical and continuous moderators, individual moderators in multivariate analyses, and tests of residual variability within individual levels of categorical moderators had the lowest and most concerning levels of power. Using methods of calculating power prospectively for significance tests in meta-analysis, we illustrate how power varies as a function of the number of effect sizes, the average sample size per effect size, effect size magnitude, and level of heterogeneity of effect sizes.

What have the difference scores not been telling us? A critique of the use of self--ideal discrepancy in the assessment of body image and evaluation of an alternative data-analytic framework.

Difference scores are often used as a means of assessing body image satisfaction using silhouette scales. Unfortunately, difference scores suffer from numerous potential methodological problems, including reduced reliability, ambiguity, confounded effects, untested constraints, and dimensional reduction. In this article, the methodological problems are outlined and an alternative framework is discussed.

Evaluation of an error-reduction training program for surgical residents.

Purpose: To reduce errors in surgery using a resident training program based on a taxonomy that highlights three kinds of errors: judgment, inattention to detail, and problem understanding.

Method: The training program module at the University of South Florida incorporated a three-item situational judgment test, video training (which included a lecture and behavior modeling), and role-plays (in which residents participated and received feedback from faculty). Two kinds of outcome data were collected from 33 residents during 2006-2007: (1) behaviors during the training and (2) on-the-job surgical complication records 12 months before and 6 months after training.

Comparison of trait and ability measures of emotional intelligence in medical students.

Context: Emotional intelligence (EI), the ability to perceive emotions in the self and others, and to understand, regulate and use such information in productive ways, is believed to be important in health care delivery for both recipients and providers of health care. There are two types of EI measure: ability and trait. Ability and trait measures differ in terms of both the definition of constructs and the methods of assessment.

A SAS macro for statistical power calculations in meta-analysis.

Although statistical power is often considered in the design of primary research studies, it is rarely considered in meta-analysis. Background and guidelines are provided for conducting power analysis in meta-analysis, followed by the presentation of a SAS macro that calculates power using the methods described by Hedges and Pigott (2001, 2004). Several detailed examples are given, including input statements and output.

Integrity, conscientiousness, and honesty.

Undergraduate volunteers from the Psychology participant pool (N=86, age M=22.7, SD=4.8 yr.

Comparison of two random-effects methods of meta-analysis.

Two studies compared the Schmidt-Hunter method of meta-analysis (J. E. Hunter & F.