Acute stress promotes post-injury brain regeneration in fish.

The central nervous system and the immune system, the two major players in homeostasis, operate in the ongoing bidirectional interaction. Stress is the third player that exerts strong effect on these two 'supersystems'; yet, its impact is studied much less. In this work employing carp model, we studied the influence of preliminary stress on neural and immune networks involved in post-injury brain regeneration.

The plasma membrane is involved in the visible light-tissue interaction.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine whether the plasma membrane is also involved in the light-tissue interaction because of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase electron chain, which can serve as a photosensitizer.

Background Data: It has been suggested that the mechanism of photobiostimulation involves light-induced low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that serve as signal transduction messengers. Production of ROS following visible-light irradiation was verified by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping technique, and the mitochondrial cytochromes were suggested as the main cellular target for visible-light absorption.

Application of ultrasound in vaccination against goldfish ulcer disease: a pilot study.

Antigenicity and immunogenicity of Aeromonas salmonicida soluble A-layer protein (AP) and formalin-killed bacterin were assessed in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) by applying ultrasound-immersion (USI) and injection (Inj) routes. No adjuvant was used in USI while IFA was used in Inj.

Vertical and horizontal transmission of tilapia larvae encephalitis virus: the bad and the ugly.

Impairment of innate immunity in tilapia larvae after vertical and horizontal infection with the newly characterized tilapia larvae encephalitis virus (TLEV) was accessed by evaluation of cell-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in affected fish with the use of horseradish peroxidase-amplified luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The priming in-vivo infection with TLEV resulted in downregulation of ROS response in both vertically- and horizontally-infected fish; this suppression was further exacerbated by specific in-vitro booster infection with the same virus. Application of Ca ionophore and phorbol myristate acetate as alternative nonspecific boosters enabled restoration of ROS release in vertically-infected but not in horizontally-infected larvae.

Viral encephalitis of tilapia larvae: primary characterization of a novel herpes-like virus.

We report here an outbreak of an acute disease that caused high mortality rate in laboratory-reared tilapia larvae. The disease was initially observed in inbred gynogenetic line of blue tilapia larvae (Oreochromis aureus) and could be transmitted to larvae of other tilapia species. Based on the clinical manifestation (a whirling syndrome), we refer to the disease as viral encephalitis of tilapia larvae.

Determinants of pathology in light-irradiated cells.

This work is devoted to further evaluation of pathological states in light-irradiated cells in terms of relationship between the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) count. Human leukocytes were isolated from 34 donors exhibiting flu-like symptoms, irradiated with a nonlaser blue light (2 and 5 mW cm(-2)) and examined for ROS production by a chemiluminescence (CL) assay. The level of ROS was measured as a basal chemiluminescence before (BCL0) and after (BCL) irradiation.

Chemiluminescent analysis of light-irradiated leukocytes as a diagnostic tool for fast identification of pathological states.

Objective: Reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly produced by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), are a significant part of host defense in pathologic states. We attempted to relate numbers of PMN and ROS generated within PMN to develop an alternative photochemical approach for evaluation of the potential of these cells to resist the development of inflammatory pathology.

Background Data: Lack of sensitivity to light has been reported in healthy cells, while sensitivity to light characterizes cell pathology.

Nano- and microparticles as adjuvants in vaccine design: success and failure is related to host natural antibodies.

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the surface A-layer protein (AP) of an atypical strain of fish bacterial pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida were covalently linked with polymeric nano- and microparticles, and antigenicity of the resulted conjugates was compared in mice and goldfish. Distinct albeit different levels of natural BSA and AP antibodies were present in both animal species. Significant stimulation of the anti-AP antibody response in mice strikingly contrasted to unresponsiveness or even suppression in fish.

Experimental handling stress as infection-facilitating factor for the goldfish ulcerative disease.

Experimental handling stress (EHS) was applied to clinically asymptomatic farmed goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). EHS affected the gills and skin integrity of the fish and was accompanied by increased levels of plasma glucose, cortisol and interleukin-10 (IL-10).

ESR detection of 1O2 reveals enhanced redox activity in illuminated cell cultures.

Low-energy visible light (LEVL) has previously been found to modulate various processes in different biological systems. One explanation for the stimulatory effect of LEVL is light-induced reactive oxygen species formation. In the present study, both sperm and skin cells were illuminated with LEVL and were found to generate singlet oxygen (1O2).

Visible light affects chemiluminescence of carp (Cyprinus carpio) blood leukocytes.

Objective: Visible light irradiations at doses of 5 and 12 J/cm(2) were applied to carp buffy coat leukocytes.

Materials And Methods: The leukocytes response was measured by a chemiluminescence (CL) assay as basal (spontaneous) bCL and Ca ionophore-induced stimulated CL (StCL).

Results: The irradiation caused a significant decrease in bCL in six out of 14 fish (susceptible fish) and rendered eight out of 14 fish unsusceptible.

Platelet-associated antibodies mediate protective autoimmune response in schizophrenia.

The peripheral blood platelets of schizophrenic patients were isolated, and the level of the platelet-associated antibodies (SPAA) was correlated with the rating scores of discrete schizophrenic symptom clusters evaluated with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Irrespective of medication and gender, symptom-dependent correlations were established between the SPAA levels and the relevant psychometric scores. The results indicate a heterogeneous origin of schizophrenia and imply the involvement of an autoimmune arm as a predominantly protective immune response.

Natural antibodies and their significance in active immunization and protection against a defined pathogen in fish.

Natural antibody activity against Aeromonas salmonicida extracellular A-layer protein (A-protein) showed large individual variations in a farmed group of 101 goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). Statistical analyses of these variations led us to divide this group into homogeneous high and low naturally active (HNA and LNA) subgroups.