The relationship between the subclavian vessels and brachial plexus and the overlying clavicle: Anatomical study with application to plate osteosynthesis.

A subclavian artery aneurysm after clavicle fracture and plate osteosynthesis in a suspected case of a screw that was too long led us to investigate body donor cadavers. The aim was to verify clavicle variability, and the course of the neurovascular bundle in relation to the clavicle and to the osteosynthesis plate, in order to clarify safe zones for plate and screw fixation. We used one fresh frozen and 25 embalmed donors for in situ measurements: (1) length and craniocaudal thickness of the clavicle, (2) distances between the sternal end of the clavicle and the center of parts of the neurovascular bundle.

Pearls and Pitfalls of Interpretation in CT Colonography.

The accuracy of computed tomography (CT) colonography (CTC) requires that the radiologist be well trained in the recognition of pitfalls of interpretation. In order to achieve a high sensitivity and specificity, the interpreting radiologist must be well versed in the causes of both false-positive and false-negative results. In this article, we review the common and uncommon pitfalls of interpretation in CTC.

[Does the hand solely belong in the hands of a qualified hand surgeon?].

In Germany, Hand Surgery is an additional qualification that can only be obtained by a three-year training after a completed residency in General Surgery, Plastic Surgery or Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery. Nevertheless, injuries and diseases of the hand are also treated by physicians without this particular qualification. It is questionable whether these treatments more often lead to medical malpractice.

Predictors of the On-Road Driving Assessment After Traumatic Brain Injury: Comparing Cognitive Tests, Injury Factors, and Demographics.

Objectives: (1) To examine the relations between performance on cognitive tests and on-road driving assessment in a sample of persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI). (2) To compare cognitive predictors of the on-road assessment with demographic and injury-related predictors.

Participants: Ninety-nine people with mild-severe TBI who completed an on-road driving assessment in an Australian rehabilitation setting.

Brain lesion correlates of fatigue in individuals with traumatic brain injury.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the neurological correlates of both subjective fatigue as well as objective fatigability in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The study has a cross-sectional design. Participants (N = 53) with TBI (77% male, mean age at injury 38 years, mean time since injury 1.

The factorial and discriminant validity of the German version of the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory in stroke patients.

Post-traumatic growth (PTG) is the experience of positive changes that can follow a traumatic event. The current study examined the factorial as well as the discriminant validity of the German version of the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI-G) in stroke patients. A total of 188 adult stroke patients (63.

A Model of Fatigue Following Traumatic Brain Injury.

Objective: Fatigue is one of the most frequent sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI), although its causes are poorly understood. This study investigated the interrelationships between fatigue and sleepiness, vigilance performance, depression, and anxiety, using a structural equation modeling approach.

Methods: Seventy-two participants with moderate to severe TBI (78% males) were recruited a median of 305 days postinjury.

Development and predictors of psychological adjustment during the course of community-based rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury: A preliminary study.

The aim of the study was to describe the development and predictors of psychological adjustment during community-based traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation. Forty-two adolescent and adult individuals with TBI (mean age 32 years, 88% male, median post-traumatic amnesia 11 days) participated in a single-group, longitudinal design study. The main measures used were the Reactions to Impairment and Disability Inventory, Adjustment subscale; Sydney Psychosocial Reintegration Scale; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; and Self-awareness of Deficits Interview.

Is it dangerous to fantasize revenge in imagery exercises? An experimental study.

Background: Imagery rescripting (ImRS), i.e. changing intrusive mental images in imagery, is increasingly recognized as a helpful therapy technique.

Fatigue as a cause, not a consequence of depression and daytime sleepiness: a cross-lagged analysis.

Objectives: To examine the temporal relation between fatigue, depression, and daytime sleepiness after traumatic brain injury. Fatigue is a frequent and disabling consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, it is unclear whether fatigue is a primary consequence of the structural brain injury or a secondary consequence of injury-related sequelae such as depression and daytime sleepiness.

Time-resolved MR venography of the pulmonary veins precatheter-based ablation for atrial fibrillation.

Purpose: To evaluate time-resolved magnetic resonance angiography (TR-MRA) of the pulmonary venous circulation using the time-resolved angiography with interleaved stochastic trajectories (TWIST) method and compare it with the more commonly used conventional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) approach in atrial fibrillation patients referred for preablation pulmonary vein mapping.

Materials And Methods: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Twenty-six patients (15 males; age 59.

Development of a motivational interviewing programme as a prelude to CBT for anxiety following traumatic brain injury.

A brief preparatory programme, based on the principles of motivational interviewing (MI), was developed as a way of engaging clients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and preparing them for a cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) programme for anxiety. The MI + CBT programme was delivered to a male client in his early 40s with severe TBI at four months post-injury, using a single-subject design with repeated measures pre- and post-treatment. The client received three sessions of manualised MI, followed by nine sessions of CBT.

Motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety following traumatic brain injury: a pilot randomised controlled trial.

Although cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is the treatment of choice for anxiety, its delivery needs to be adapted for individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). It also requires clients' active engagement for maximum benefit. This study was a pilot randomised controlled trial involving an anxiety treatment programme adapted for people with TBI, based on CBT and motivational interviewing (MI).

The relations among cognitive impairment, coping style, and emotional adjustment following traumatic brain injury.

Objective: To examine the direct, mediated, and moderated associations among cognition, coping, and emotional adjustment following traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Design: Cross-sectional, single-group design.

Participants: Ninety-seven participants with mild to severe TBI recruited from their rehabilitation hospital and assessed on average 19 months postinjury.

Predictors of postconcussive symptoms 3 months after mild traumatic brain injury.

Objective: There is continuing controversy regarding predictors of poor outcome following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). This study aimed to prospectively examine the influence of preinjury factors, injury-related factors, and postinjury factors on outcome following mTBI.

Method: Participants were 123 patients with mTBI and 100 trauma patient controls recruited and assessed in the emergency department and followed up 1 week and 3 months postinjury.

A cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) programme for anxiety following moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI): two case studies.

Background: CBT is a potentially effective treatment for anxiety disorders following TBI; however, empirical evidence has mainly come from clients with mild TBI. This paper describes a CBT-based anxiety treatment programme adapted for clients with more severe injuries. Two case studies are provided to illustrate the implementation of the programme, as a step toward larger scale testing of the programme's feasibility.

Expressed emotion and its relationship to anxiety and depression after traumatic brain injury.

Levels of expressed emotion (EE) within the family, particularly criticism and emotional over-involvement, are associated with a patient's psychological outcome in a range of psychiatric and medical conditions. This study aimed to examine the relationship between levels of family EE and anxiety and depression in patients who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI). A further aim was to examine whether family members' levels of psychological distress and attributions of patient symptom controllability, were related to their levels of patient-directed EE.

The temporal relationship between depression, anxiety, and functional status after traumatic brain injury: a cross-lagged analysis.

Poor functional status and high rates of anxiety and depression have been reported in individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, it is unclear whether psychiatric disorders after TBI are a cause or a consequence of functional limitations. The current study aimed to investigate the temporal relationship between anxiety, depression and functional impairment following TBI.

The association between apolipoprotein E and traumatic brain injury severity and functional outcome in a rehabilitation sample.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in significant disability, but outcome is variable. The impact of known predictors accounts for a limited proportion of the variance in outcomes. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype has been investigated as an additional source of variability in injury severity and outcome, with mixed findings reflecting variable methodology and generally limited sample sizes.

The relationship between mood disorders and MRI findings following traumatic brain injury.

Background: High rates of depression have been reported in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between structural MRI findings and the development of novel cases of post-injury depression in this population

Methods: The study has a cross-sectional design. Assessments were conducted on average 2.

Predictive and associated factors of psychiatric disorders after traumatic brain injury: a prospective study.

Psychiatric disorders are common and often debilitating following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, there is little consensus within the literature regarding the risk factors for post-injury psychiatric disorders. A 1-year prospective study was conducted to examine which pre-injury, injury-related, and concurrent factors were associated with experiencing a psychiatric disorder, diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, at 1 year post-injury.

Prediction of functional and employment outcome 1 year after traumatic brain injury: a structural equation modelling approach.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause lasting functional changes and lead to unemployment. The purpose of this study was to create and test a structural equation model (SEM) of the prediction of functional and employment outcome after TBI.

Methods: Participants were 949 individuals with predominantly moderate to severe TBI (74% males, median age 25.

Relationship between psychiatric disorders and 1-year psychosocial outcome following traumatic brain injury.

Objective: To investigate the relationship of psychiatric functioning with psychosocial functioning at 1 year following traumatic brain injury (TBI), after controlling for relevant demographic, injury-related, and concurrent factors.

Design: Prospective 1-year longitudinal study.

Participants: Participants were 122 individuals with TBI and 88 proxy informants.

A longitudinal study of family functioning after TBI and relatives' emotional status.

The objectives of the study were to examine family functioning and relatives' emotional state after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to test a model of the relationship between neurobehavioural status, family functioning and relatives' emotional status at two and five years post-injury. The relatives of 98 adult individuals who had sustained severe TBI were followed up 2 and 5 years post-injury and completed the Family Assessment Device, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and rated the neurobehavioural status (cognitive, behavioural, emotional, social) of their injured relative, using the Structured Outcomes Questionnaire. A structural equation model, based on existing research, was developed and tested on 66 of the participants.

The factor structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in individuals with traumatic brain injury.

There is a lack of validated scales for screening for anxiety and depression in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in individuals with TBI. A total of 294 individuals with TBI (72.