A randomized trial comparing the Tennant Biomodulator to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and traditional Chinese acupuncture for the treatment of chronic pain in military service members.

Background: The present investigation tested the efficacy of the Tennant Biomodulator, a novel pain management intervention that uses biofeedback-modulated electrical stimulation, to reduce chronic pain and its psychosocial sequelae in a sample of current and former military service members. The Tennant Biomodulator used on its most basic setting was compared to two commonly used, non-pharmacological pain treatments-traditional Chinese acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)-in a comparative efficacy, randomized, open-label trial.

Methods: Participants included 100 active duty and retired service men and women with chronic pain undergoing treatment at the Brooke Army Medical Center in Texas, USA, randomly assigned to receive six, weekly sessions of either Tennant Biomodulator treatment, traditional Chinese acupuncture, or TENS, in addition to usual care.

Comparison of tibial intraosseous, sternal intraosseous, and intravenous routes of administration on pharmacokinetics of epinephrine during cardiac arrest: a pilot study.

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the maximum concentration (C(max)) and time to maximum concentration (T(max)) of epinephrine administered via tibial intraosseous (IO), sternal IO, and intravenous (i.v.) routes in a porcine model of cardiac arrest during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.