Mass vaccination and educational attainment: Evidence from the 1967-68 Measles Eradication Campaign.

We show that the first nationwide mass vaccination campaign against measles increased educational attainment in the United States. Our empirical strategy exploits variation in exposure to the childhood disease across states right before the Measles Eradication Campaign of 1967-68, which reduced reported measles incidence by 90 percent within two years. Our results suggest that mass vaccination against measles increased the years of education on average by about 0.

Radiomic Analysis using Density Threshold for FDG-PET/CT-Based N-Staging in Lung Cancer Patients.

Purpose: Mediastinal nodal (N)-staging done by integrated 2-deoxy-2-[F]fluoro-D-glucose ([F]FDG) positron emission tomography/x-ray computed tomography (PET/CT) in lung cancer patients is not always accurate. In order to reduce the need for invasive staging procedures, additional surrogate parameters for the detection of malignant lymph node infiltration would be helpful. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if radiomic semi-automated density profiling in mediastinal lymph nodes can improve preclinical N-staging, irrespective of the specific lung cancer entity.

Quantitative volumetric CT-histogram analysis in N-staging of 18F-FDG-equivocal patients with lung cancer.

Unlabelled: Lung cancer often coexists with acute and chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Therefore, mediastinal lymph nodes may be false-positive on (18)F-FDG PET because of the inflammatory disease alone. Nevertheless, (18)F-FDG PET/CT is the primary imaging modality used for staging patients with lung cancer, including nodal status.

Serial hearing organs in the atympanate grasshopper Bullacris membracioides (Orthoptera, Pneumoridae).

In different insect taxa, ears can be found on virtually any part of the body. Comparative anatomy and similarities in the embryological development of ears in divergent taxa suggest that they have evolved multiple times from ubiquitous stretch or vibration receptors, but the homology of these structures has not yet been rigorously tested. Here we provide detailed analysis of a novel set of hearing organs in a relatively "primitive" atympanate bladder grasshopper (Bullacris membracioides) that is capable of signaling acoustically over 2 km.