The Prevalence of Septo-Optic Dysplasia in Neonates with Absent Cavum Septi Pellucidi Identified During Routine Prenatal Imaging.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of septo-optic-dysplasia (SOD) in patients with prenatally identified absent cavum septi pellucidi (CSP), agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) or dysgenesis of the corpus callosum (DCC).

Study Design: This retrospective chart review investigated neonates prenatally diagnosed with an absent CSP, ACC, or DCC who were admitted to a single quaternary academic medical center in the Pacific Northwest between 2016-2023. This prenatal diagnosis prompted a routine and protocolized postnatal workup for SOD including laboratory evaluation, imaging, and specialty consultation.

Pediatric Orbital High-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Ocular involvement of lymphoma may present as a primary orbital or intraocular lymphoma or as a manifestation of metastatic disease. Involvement of various ocular structures may be difficult to diagnose due to its rarity and nonspecific clinical presentation. Primary high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 rearrangements of the orbit has rarely been reported in the adult population and has not previously been reported in the pediatric population.

The insula in nicotine use disorder: Functional neuroimaging and implications for neuromodulation.

Insula dysfunction contributes to nicotine use disorders. Yet, much remains unknown about how insular functions promote nicotine use. We review current models of brain networks in smoking and propose an extension to those models that emphasizes the role of the insula in craving.

Neuroimaging reward, craving, learning, and cognitive control in substance use disorders: review and implications for treatment.

Substance use disorder is a leading causes of preventable disease and mortality. Drugs of abuse cause molecular and cellular changes in specific brain regions and these neuroplastic changes are thought to play a role in the transition to uncontrolled drug use. Neuroimaging has identified neural substrates associated with problematic substance use and may offer clues to reduce its burden on the patient and society.

Behavioral approach and orbitofrontal cortical activity during decision-making in substance dependence.

Behavioral approach, defined as behavior directed toward a reward or novel stimulus, when elevated, may increase one's vulnerability to substance use disorder. Behavioral approach has been associated with relatively greater left compared to right frontal activity; behavioral inhibition may be associated with relatively greater right compared to left frontal brain activity. We hypothesized that substance dependent individuals (SDI) would have higher behavioral approach than controls and greater prefrontal cortical activity during decision-making involving reward.

Imaging decision about whether to benefit self by harming others: Adolescents with conduct and substance problems, with or without callous-unemotionality, or developing typically.

We sought to identify brain activation differences in conduct-problem youth with limited prosocial emotions (LPE) compared to conduct-problem youth without LPE and community adolescents, and to test associations between brain activation and severity of callous-unemotional traits. We utilized a novel task, which asks subjects to repeatedly decide whether to accept offers where they will benefit but a beneficent other will be harmed. Behavior on this task has been previously associated with levels of prosocial emotions and severity of callous-unemotional traits, and is related to empathic concern.

Sex disparities in substance abuse research: Evaluating 23 years of structural neuroimaging studies.

Background: Sex differences in brain structure and clinical course of substance use disorders underscores the need to include women in structural brain imaging studies. The NIH has supported the need for research to address sex differences. We evaluated female enrollment in substance abuse structural brain imaging research and the methods used to study sex differences in substance effects.

Top-Down Network Effective Connectivity in Abstinent Substance Dependent Individuals.

Objective: We hypothesized that compared to healthy controls, long-term abstinent substance dependent individuals (SDI) will differ in their effective connectivity between large-scale brain networks and demonstrate increased directional information from executive control to interoception-, reward-, and habit-related networks. In addition, using graph theory to compare network efficiencies we predicted decreased small-worldness in SDI compared to controls.

Methods: 50 SDI and 50 controls of similar sex and age completed psychological surveys and resting state fMRI.

Sex Differences in Gray Matter Changes and Brain-Behavior Relationships in Patients with Stimulant Dependence.

Purpose: To investigate whether sex modulates the effects of stimulant dependence on gray matter volume (GMV) in patients who have achieved long-term abstinence and to characterize how sex modulates GMV according to specific behavioral measures, such as dependence symptom count, behavioral approach, and impulsivity.

Materials And Methods: Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board approval and informed consent were obtained. In this prospective parallel group study, 127 age- and sex-matched participants (68 control subjects [28 women, 40 men] and 59 patients with stimulant dependence [28 women, 31 men]) underwent T1-weighted spoiled gradient-echo inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging of the brain at 3 T.

Female adolescents with severe substance and conduct problems have substantially less brain gray matter volume.

Objective: Structural neuroimaging studies have demonstrated lower regional gray matter volume in adolescents with severe substance and conduct problems. These research studies, including ours, have generally focused on male-only or mixed-sex samples of adolescents with conduct and/or substance problems. Here we compare gray matter volume between female adolescents with severe substance and conduct problems and female healthy controls of similar ages.

Influence of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum on risk avoidance in addiction: a mediation analysis.

Background: Alterations in frontal and striatal function are hypothesized to underlie risky decision making in drug users, but how these regions interact to affect behavior is incompletely understood. We used mediation analysis to investigate how prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum together influence risk avoidance in abstinent drug users.

Method: Thirty-seven abstinent substance-dependent individuals (SDI) and 43 controls underwent fMRI while performing a decision-making task involving risk and reward.

Characterizing the relationship between functional MRI-derived measures and clinical outcomes in patients with vascular lesions.

Object: Functional MRI (fMRI) has proven to be an effective component of pretreatment planning in patients harboring a variety of different brain lesions. The authors have recently reported significant relationships concerning distances between brain tumor borders and areas of functional activation (lesion-to-activation distance; LAD) with regard to patient morbidity and mortality. This study further examines the relationship between LAD, focusing on a host of vascular lesions and pre- and posttreatment morbidity.

The distribution of vestibular efferent neurons receiving innervation of secondary vestibular afferent nerves in rats.

Objectives/hypothesis: To explore the innervation areas of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) afferent neurons onto vestibular efferent neurons in the brain stem of rats.

Study Design: A morphology study in the central vestibular system.

Methods: Two neuronal tracers were used.

The effect of vocal fold adduction on the acoustic quality of phonation: ex vivo investigations.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vocal fold adduction on voice quality in an ex vivo larynx model.

Study Design: Prospective, repeated-measures experiments.

Methods: Ten excised canine larynges were mounted on an excised larynx phonation system and measurements were recorded for three different vocal fold adduction levels.

Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Phonation Threshold Pressure as a Function of Vocal Fold Elongation.

The relationship between the vocal fold elongation and the phonation threshold pressure (PTP) was experimentally and theoretically investigated. The PTP values of seventeen excised canine larynges with 0% to 15% bilateral vocal fold elongations in 5% elongation steps were measured using an excised larynx phonation system. It was found that twelve larynges exhibited a monotonic relationship between PTP and elongation; in these larynges, the 0% elongation condition had the lowest PTP.

Effects of surface dehydration on mucosal wave amplitude and frequency in excised canine larynges.

Objective: Evaluate the effect of vocal fold surface dehydration on mucosal wave amplitude and frequency.

Study Design: Controlled test-retest.

Setting: Larynges were mounted on an excised larynx phonation system and attached to a pseudolung in a triple-walled sound-attenuated room that eliminated background noise and maintained a stabilized room temperature and humidity level.

Correlative study of indirect computed tomography lymphography using iopamidol and histopathology in a cervical lymph node metastasis model.

Objectives/hypothesis: To investigate the potential usefulness of indirect computed tomography lymphography (CT-LG) with iopamidol in the detection of cervical lymph node metastases in a VX2 rabbit tongue cancer model.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial.

Methods: Thirty-seven rabbits were randomly divided into control (n = 7) and tongue tumor-bearing (n = 30) groups.

Theoretical modeling and experimental high-speed imaging of elongated vocal folds.

In this paper, the role of vocal fold elongation in governing glottal movement dynamics was theoretically and experimentally investigated. A theoretical model was first proposed to incorporate vocal fold elongation into the two-mass model. This model predicted the direct and nondirect components of the glottal time series as a function of vocal fold elongation.

The effects of decorin and HGF-primed vocal fold fibroblasts in vitro and ex vivo in a porcine model of vocal fold scarring.

Objectives: Vocal fold injury can be irreversible, leading to vocal fold scarring, with permanent functional effects and no optimal treatment. A porcine model of vocal fold scarring was used to test effects of decorin and primed vocal fold fibroblasts in vitro using a cell migration assay and immunoblotting, and by using functional measurements of porcine larynges and excised porcine vocal folds.

Methods: In vitro: primary pig vocal fold fibroblasts (PVFFs) were subjected to cell migration assays (scratch) and treated with decorin 20 μg/mL, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) 200 ng/mL, epidermal growth factor (EGF) 1 nM, or transforming growth factor-β1 10 ng/mL.

Phonation threshold power in ex vivo laryngeal models.

This study hypothesized that phonation threshold power is measureable and sensitive to changes in the biomechanical properties of the vocal folds. Phonation threshold power was measured in three sample populations of 10 excised canine larynges treated with variable posterior glottal gap, variable bilateral vocal fold elongation, and variable vocal fold lesioning. Posterior glottal gap varied from 0 to 4mm in 0.

Interspecies comparison of mucosal wave properties using high-speed digital imaging.

Objectives/hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare the vocal fold vibratory characteristics of ex vivo bovine, canine, ovine, and porcine larynges to human male and female vocal fold vibrations to determine the best model organism for laryngeal studies concerning vibratory and kinetic characteristics.

Study Design: Prospective experimental.

Methods: High-speed videos of phonation were gathered at 4,000 frames per second (fps) in the animal models and human high-speed endoscopy data were gathered at 2,000 fps.