Efficacy of 24 hours versus 5 days of prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of surgical site infection in outpatient elective facial plastic surgery.

Background: The discovery of penicillin marked a paradigm shift in medicine with the ability to treat previously life-threatening infections. Increasing antibiotic resistance as well as the risk of adverse reactions to antibiotics, however, creates pressures for judicious use. There continues to be debate about the role of prophylactic antibiotics in facial plastic surgery.

Optimizing Treatment for Relapsed/Refractory Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma in the Era of Immunotherapy.

Most patients with classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) are cured with combination chemotherapy, but approximately 10-20% will relapse, and another 5-10% will have primary refractory disease. The treatment landscape of relapsed/refractory (R/R) cHL has evolved significantly over the past decade following the approval of brentuximab vedotin (BV), an anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate, and the PD-1 inhibitors nivolumab and pembrolizumab. These agents have significantly expanded options for salvage therapy prior to autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT), post-transplant maintenance, and treatment of relapse after AHCT, which have led to improved survival in the modern era.

Germline pathogenic variants in neuroblastoma patients are enriched in BARD1 and predict worse survival.

Background: Neuroblastoma is an embryonal cancer of the developing sympathetic nervous system. The genetic contribution of rare pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline variants in patients without a family history remains unclear.

Methods: Germline DNA sequencing was performed on 786 neuroblastoma patients.

BARD1 germline variants induce haploinsufficiency and DNA repair defects in neuroblastoma.

Background: High-risk neuroblastoma is a complex genetic disease that is lethal in more than 50% of patients despite intense multimodal therapy. Through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and next-generation sequencing, we have identified common single nucleotide polymorphisms and rare, pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline loss-of-function variants in BARD1 enriched in neuroblastoma patients. The functional implications of these findings remain poorly understood.

The Management of Low-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes-Current Standards and Recent Advances.

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are a heterogeneous group of hematologic neoplasms with varied natural histories and prognoses. Specific to this review, treatment of low-risk MDS most often focuses on improving quality of life by correcting cytopenias, as opposed to urgent disease modification to avoid acute myeloid leukemia. These treatments include transfusion support with iron chelation when necessary, growth factors including novel maturation agents such as luspatercept, lenalidomide for del(5q) disease, and, increasingly, low-dose hypomethylating agents.

germline variants induce haploinsufficiency and DNA repair defects in neuroblastoma.

Importance: High-risk neuroblastoma is a complex genetic disease that is lethal in 50% of patients despite intense multimodal therapy. Our genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the gene showing the most significant enrichment in neuroblastoma patients, and also discovered pathogenic (P) or likely pathogenic (LP) rare germline loss-of-function variants in this gene. The functional implications of these findings remain poorly understood.

Germline pathogenic variants in 786 neuroblastoma patients.

Importance: Neuroblastoma accounts for 12% of childhood cancer deaths. The genetic contribution of rare pathogenic germline variation in patients without a family history remains unclear.

Objective: To define the prevalence, spectrum, and clinical significance of pathogenic germline variation in cancer predisposition genes (CPGs) in neuroblastoma patients.

The RhinoCEROS Guidelines: A Practical Tool for Reporting Nasal Anatomy on Computed Tomography Pertaining to Rhinoplasty.

Cone-beam computed tomography (CT) is gaining popularity worldwide due to an increasingly diffuse and affordable in-office availability. It is becoming more commonplace for rhinoplasty surgeons to utilize this imaging as tool for preoperative assessment; however, there is inconsistency among radiologists commenting on specific structures of the nose or nasal cavity as there is currently no standardized reporting protocol. The goal of this article is to present clear guidelines for radiologists to report relevant nasal anatomy in the context of preoperative rhinoplasty evaluation.

The Prognostic Significance of Homologous Recombination Repair Pathway Alterations in Metastatic Hormone Sensitive Prostate Cancer.

Introduction: The homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway is a frequently mutated pathway in advanced prostate cancer. The clinical course of patients with HRR gene alterations who have metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) has not been fully characterized. Here, we examine the outcomes of men with mHSPC with HRR alterations.

The Simons Observatory: A large-diameter truss for a refracting telescope cooled to 1 K.

We present the design and measured performance of a new carbon fiber strut design that is used in a cryogenically cooled truss for the Simons Observatory small aperture telescope. The truss consists of two aluminum 6061 rings separated by 24 struts. Each strut consists of a central carbon fiber tube fitted with two aluminum end caps.

Germline alterations among Hispanic men with prostate cancer.

Background: Little is known about the true rate of pathogenic (P)/likely pathogenic (LP) germline alterations in Hispanic men with prostate cancer as most studies analyzing the prevalence of P/LP germline alterations were performed in a largely non-Hispanic white population (NHW).

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of two separate cohorts of men with prostate cancer: (1) a multicenter cohort of 17,256 men who underwent germline testing in a CLIA-certified laboratory and (2) a single-center cohort of all men eligible for germline testing between 2018 and 2020. The proportions of P/LP alterations and variants of uncertain significance (VUS) were computed.

Does metformin affect outcomes in COVID-19 patients with new or pre-existing diabetes mellitus? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aims: The COVID-19 pandemic is a global public health emergency and patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are disproportionately affected, exhibiting more severe outcomes. Recent studies have shown that metformin is associated with improved outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and DM and may be a potential candidate for drug repurposing. We aimed to investigate the effects of metformin on outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and DM.

A Systematic Review of Closure Techniques in Lateral Skull Base Tumor Surgery.

 Tumors of the lateral skull base often require collaboration between neurosurgeons and neurotologists for the surgical approach. The three main transosseous surgical approaches are retrosigmoid (RS), translabyrinthine (TL), and middle fossa (MF). The literature reflects a relative paucity regarding the various closure techniques for these approaches and the postoperative complications.

Radiation Recall Pneumonitis After Treatment With Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy: A Case Series and Review of Literature.

Background: Radiation recall pneumonitis (RRP) is a poorly understood clinical syndrome in which patients develop radiation pneumonitis triggered by a systemic agent, often years after the completion of radiation therapy. Immune checkpoint blockade agents have only recently been posited as a trigger for RRP. Here, we present three cases of immunotherapy-induced RRP.

Combined Androgen Blockade in Localized Prostate Cancer Treated With Definitive Radiation Therapy.

Background: The addition of androgen deprivation therapy to radiation therapy (RT) improves survival in patients with intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer (PCa), but it is not known whether combined androgen blockade (CAB) with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-A) and a nonsteroidal antiandrogen improves survival over GnRH-A monotherapy.

Methods: This study evaluated patients with intermediate- and high-risk PCa diagnosed in 2001 through 2015 who underwent RT with either GnRH-A alone or CAB using the Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure. Associations between CAB and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) and overall survival (OS) were determined using multivariable regression with Fine-Gray and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, respectively.

An Integrated Dyspepsia Module for First-year Pharmacy Students.

To design an integrated dyspepsia module for first year pharmacy students that combines clinical and professional practice with fundamental sciences in five different science subject areas. The approaches used in designing this module are described with emphasis on strategies adopted to integrate science and practice, and the new ways of working adopted by the design team. Students' views and experiences of the module and its integration were explored using questionnaires.

Genetic susceptibility to neuroblastoma: current knowledge and future directions.

Neuroblastoma, a malignancy of the developing peripheral nervous system that affects infants and young children, is a complex genetic disease. Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made toward understanding the genetic determinants that predispose to this often lethal childhood cancer. Approximately 1-2% of neuroblastomas are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and a combination of co-morbidity and linkage studies has led to the identification of germline mutations in PHOX2B and ALK as the major genetic contributors to this familial neuroblastoma subset.

A wild type mutational status confers a survival advantage in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Background: The oncogene is a driver mutation and is present in greater than 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). A subset of these tumors, however, do not harbor mutations in (wild type ). Studies have shown that patients with mutated have a poorer survival on first-line gemcitabine-based chemotherapy compared to wild type .

Axin phosphorylation in both Wnt-off and Wnt-on states requires the tumor suppressor APC.

The aberrant activation of Wnt signal transduction initiates the development of 90% of colorectal cancers, the majority of which arise from inactivation of the tumor suppressor Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). In the classical model for Wnt signaling, the primary role of APC is to act, together with the concentration-limiting scaffold protein Axin, in a "destruction complex" that directs the phosphorylation and consequent proteasomal degradation of the transcriptional activator β-catenin, thereby preventing signaling in the Wnt-off state. Following Wnt stimulation, Axin is recruited to a multiprotein "signalosome" required for pathway activation.

Changes in Transcranial Ultrasound Velocities in Children with Sickle Cell Disease Undergoing Adenotonsillectomy.

Objectives (1) To assess for changes in cerebral blood flow velocity in children with sickle cell disease and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) following adenotonsillectomy. (2) To determine if clinical factors such as OSA severity affect cerebral blood flow velocity values. Study Design Case series with chart review over 10 years.