Social and psychological consequences of not crying: possible associations with psychopathology and therapeutic relevance.

Objective: Emotional crying is hypothesized to serve intra- and interpersonal functions. Intrapersonal functions are assumed to facilitate the capacity to recover from emotional distress, thus promoting well-being. Interpersonal functions are postulated to have a major impact on social functioning.

Neuropsychiatry of creativity.

In this paper, we review in brief the development of ideas that over time have tried to explain why some individuals are more creative than others and what may be the neurobiological links underlying artistic creativity. We note associations with another unique human idea, that of genius. In particular, we discuss frontotemporal dementia and bipolar, cyclothymic mood disorder as clinical conditions that are helping to unravel the underlying neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of human creativity.

Long-term effects of electrodermal biofeedback training on seizure control in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy: two case reports.

We report data from two patients, followed over 3 years after electrodermal biofeedback treatment. Patients were trained three times each week for four weeks to increase their sympathetic arousal using electrodermal biofeedback. This treatment was directed at enabling the patients to change their psychophysiological state as a countermeasure to prevent seizures.

Cerebellar volume is linked to cognitive function in temporal lobe epilepsy: a quantitative MRI study.

Introduction: Chronic intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is associated with certain comorbidities including cognitive impairment. A less common condition among patients with TLE is intermittent explosive disorder (IED), a specific form of aggressive behavior that has been linked to low intelligence and structural pathology in the amygdala. We aimed to identify other neuroanatomical substrates of both cognitive dysfunction and IED in patients with TLE, with special focus on the cerebellum, a brain region known to participate in functional networks involved in neuropsychological and affective processes.

The functional neuroimaging correlates of psychogenic versus organic dystonia.

The neurobiological basis of psychogenic movement disorders remains poorly understood and the management of these conditions difficult. Functional neuroimaging studies have provided some insight into the pathophysiology of disorders implicating particularly the prefrontal cortex, but there are no studies on psychogenic dystonia, and comparisons with findings in organic counterparts are rare. To understand the pathophysiology of these disorders better, we compared the similarities and differences in functional neuroimaging of patients with psychogenic dystonia and genetically determined dystonia, and tested hypotheses on the role of the prefrontal cortex in functional neurological disorders.

"All that spikes is not fits", mistaking the woods for the trees: the interictal spikes--an "EEG chameleon" in the interface disorders of brain and mind: a critical review.

Recent research into mammalian cortical neurophysiology, after 6 decades of Berger's seminal work on electroencephalography, has shifted the older concept of interictal epileptiform activity (IEA) away from that of a mere electrographic graphoelement of relevance to diagnostic implications in epilepsy. Instead, accumulating information has stressed the neuropsychological implications, cognitive and/or behavioral consequence of these electrophysiological events, which are the phenotypic expression of aberrations of actual biophysical cellular function. We feel that this review is germane to neuropsychiatry, however, a rather neglected area of research.

Epilepsy, psychiatry, and neurology.

This article reviews the relationship between the psychiatry and neurology of epilepsy, especially in the last 100 years. Throughout most of its recorded history of 3 to 4 millennia epilepsy has been viewed as a supernatural or mental disorder. Although first suggested by Hippocrates in the 5th century B.

Music and madness: neuropsychiatric aspects of music.

Music has soothed the souls of human beings for centuries and it has helped people recover from ailments since ancient times. Today, there is still a widespread interest in the relationship between music, affect and mental illness. This article is aimed at reviewing these complex relationships, starting from a wide perspective on the neurobiology of emotions, perceptions and music language to a detailed analysis of psychopathology in famous musicians.

Antiepileptic drug-induced cognitive adverse effects: potential mechanisms and contributing factors.

Cognitive dysfunction is frequently observed in patients with epilepsy and represents an important challenge in the management of patients with this disorder. In this respect, the relative contribution of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is of relevance. The fact that a considerable number of patients require AED therapy for many years, or perhaps even a lifetime, emphasizes the need to focus on the long-term adverse effects of these drugs on cognition.

Changes in cortical potential associated with modulation of peripheral sympathetic activity in patients with epilepsy.

Objectives: To examine the immediate and sustained effects of volitional sympathetic modulation, using galvanic skin response (GSR) biofeedback training on cortical excitability in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.

Methods: Ten patients undertook 12 sessions of GSR biofeedback training over 1 month, during which they were trained to increase sympathetic arousal, using GSR biofeedback. Contingent negative variation (CNV) (a slow cortical potential reflecting cortical arousal and excitability) and the related post imperative negative variation (PINV) were quantified before and after biofeedback treatment.

On the prevalence of bipolar disorder in epilepsy.

Although mood disorders represent a frequent psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy, data on bipolar disorder (BD) are still limited, and the role of possible specific confounding variables (seizures and antiepileptic drug therapy) has never been considered. Data for 143 adult outpatients with epilepsy assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus Version 5.0.

Electroencephalographic cerebral dysrhythmic abnormalities in the trinity of nonepileptic general population, neuropsychiatric, and neurobehavioral disorders.

Subclinical electroencephalographic epileptiform discharges in neurobehavioral disorders are not uncommon. The clinical significance and behavioral, diagnostic, and therapeutic implications of this EEG cerebral dysrhythmia have not been fully examined. Currently the only connotation for distinctive epileptiform electroencephalographic patterns is epileptic seizures.

Are psychiatric adverse events of antiepileptic drugs a unique entity? A study on topiramate and levetiracetam.

Purpose: To investigate the hypothesis that some patients with epilepsy are generally prone to develop psychiatric adverse events (PAEs) during antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy irrespective of the mechanism of action of the drugs.

Methods: From a large case registry of patients prescribed topiramate (TPM) and levetiracetam (LEV), data of patients who had a trial with both drugs were analyzed. Demographic and clinical variables of those who developed PAEs with both drugs (group 1) were compared with those who did not (group 2).

Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: behavioral and neural effects on encoding negative material.

Objectives: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) can improve depression. Cognitive models of depression highlight an over-representation of negative thoughts and memories, with depressed individuals showing memory facilitation for negative material. We hypothesized that the antidepressant action of VNS may emerge through corrective influences on 'negativity bias' in memory.

The role of hippocampal sclerosis in antiepileptic drug-related depression in patients with epilepsy: a study on levetiracetam.

Objective: Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) has been described as a relevant factor for the development of topiramate-related depression and cognitive deficits. The aim of our study was to clarify whether patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and HS were also at risk during therapy with levetiracetam (LEV).

Methods: Data of 156 patients was analysed: 78 with TLE and HS and 78 with TLE and normal MRI matched for age, starting dose and titration schedule of LEV.

Neuropharmacological aspects of cognitive neurorehabilitation in epilepsy.

The role of CNS neuromodulators in cognitive neurorehabilitation can be related to two main issues: 1) the negative impact on cognition of drug categories prescribed for different neurologic symptoms, such as spasticity, extrapyramidal symptoms, or epileptic seizures; 2) their possible role in neuroprotection and amelioration of the cognitive status of the patient, especially attention and memory. This paper reviews different pharmacological aspects of cognitive neurorehabilitation in epilepsy.

The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates.

Functional neuroimaging studies have started unravelling unexpected functional attributes for the posteromedial portion of the parietal lobe, the precuneus. This cortical area has traditionally received little attention, mainly because of its hidden location and the virtual absence of focal lesion studies. However, recent functional imaging findings in healthy subjects suggest a central role for the precuneus in a wide spectrum of highly integrated tasks, including visuo-spatial imagery, episodic memory retrieval and self-processing operations, namely first-person perspective taking and an experience of agency.

A comparative study of mismatch negativity (MMN) in epilepsy and non-epileptic seizures.

This study investigated mismatch negativity (MMN) differences between subjects with non-epileptic seizures (NES), subjects with epilepsy, and healthy controls. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained from 14 patients with NES, 15 patients with epilepsy and 16 healthy control subjects. A conventional MMN procedure was used with a random sequence of 12% deviant tones (922 Hz) and 88% standard tones (1000 Hz).

Evaluation of health status in epilepsy using the EQ-5D questionnaire: a prospective, observational, 6-month study of adjunctive therapy with anti-epileptic drugs.

Aims: The aims of this project were to evaluate the impact of adjunctive treatment with an anti-epileptic drug (AED) on the health status of people with epilepsy and to investigate how seizure frequency affects their health status.

Methods: Adult epilepsy patients, refractory to current treatment, were included in this prospective observational study. Patients commencing adjunctive therapy with one of five AEDs (topiramate, lamotrigine, gabapentin, clobazam, vigabatrin) were eligible for inclusion.