A systematic review of clinical studies of electrical stimulation for treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction.

Introduction And Hypothesis: The aim of this manuscript was to provide a systematic literature review of clinical trial evidence for a range of electrical stimulation therapies in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).

Methods: The databases MEDLINE, BIOSIS Previews, Inside Conferences, and EMBASE were searched. Original clinical studies with greater than 15 subjects were included.

A rhodium(I)-catalyzed demethylation-cyclization of o-anisole-substituted ynamides in the synthesis of chiral 2-amido benzofurans.

A Rh(I)-catalyzed demethylation-cyclization sequence for a direct transformation of o-anisole-substituted ynamides to benzofurans is described here. The Ag salt functions synergistically with Rh(I) for the key demethylation step.

Rhodium(I)-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloadditions of ynamides in the synthesis of amide-substituted chiral biaryls.

Rhodium(I)-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloadditions of sterically encumbered aryl-substituted ynamides with various diynes are described here. These cycloadditions provide the synthesis of an array of new chiral amide-substituted biaryls that can be useful in future chiral ligand designs.

Copper(II)-catalyzed amidations of alkynyl bromides as a general synthesis of ynamides and Z-enamides. An intramolecular amidation for the synthesis of macrocyclic ynamides.

A general and efficient method for the coupling of a wide range of amides with alkynyl bromides is described here. This novel amidation reaction involves a catalytic protocol using copper(II) sulfate-pentahydrate and 1,10-phenanthroline to direct the sp-C-N bond formation, leading to a structurally diverse array of ynamides including macrocyclic ynamides via an intramolecular amidation. Given the surging interest in ynamide chemistry, this atom economical synthesis of ynamides should invoke further attention from the synthetic organic community.

(4R)-3-Allenyl-4-(diphenylmethyl)oxazolidin-2-one, an unsubstituted allenamide.

The first X-ray structure of an unsubstituted allenamide, C(19)H(17)NO(2), is reported. The solid-state phase supports the notion that a key minimum conformation of allenamides can be invoked to rationalize the observed stereochemical outcomes in many of our methodological studies employing allenamides. This minimum conformation involves two important factors, i.

Sonogashira cross-couplings of ynamides. Syntheses of urethane- and sulfonamide-terminated conjugated phenylacetylenic systems.

[reaction: see text] The first successful Sonogashira coupling of ynamides with aryl and vinyl iodides is described here. This study resolves the problem of the competing pathway involving homocoupling of ynamides and provides a practical entry to novel urethane- or sulfonamide-terminated conjugated acetylenic systems. An interesting tandem hydrohalogenation and Sonogashira coupling was also observed to give an en-ynamide.

Copper sulfate-pentahydrate-1,10-phenanthroline catalyzed amidations of alkynyl bromides. Synthesis of heteroaromatic amine substituted ynamides.

A practical cross-coupling of amides with alkynyl bromides using catalytic CuSO(4).5H(2)O and 1,10-phenanthroline is described here. This catalytic protocol is more environmentally friendly than the use of CuCN or copper halides and provides a general entry for syntheses of ynamides including various new sulfonyl and heteroaromatic amine substituted ynamides.

Highly stereoselective Saucy-Marbet rearrangement using chiral ynamides. Synthesis of highly substituted chiral homoallenyl alcohols.

[reaction: see text] A highly stereoselective Saucy-Marbet rearrangement using chiral ynamides and propargyl alcohols is described here. This rearrangement can be catalyzed by para-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid leading to high diastereoselectivities for a range of different chiral propargyl alcohols and ynamides in a stereochemically intriguing matched, mismatched, or indifferent manner. This provides an excellent entry to highly substituted chiral homoallenyl alcohols.

A copper-catalyzed C-N bond formation involving sp-hybridized carbons. A direct entry to chiral ynamides via N-alkynylation of amides.

A copper-catalyzed new C-N bond formation involving a sp-hybridized carbon is described here leading to a facile entry for syntheses of chiral ynamides. This direct N-alkynylation of amides should have a significant impact on the future development of synthetic methodologies employing ynamides.

The first stereoselective Ficini-Claisen rearrangement using chiral ynamides.

The first asymmetric Ficini-Claisen rearrangement using chiral ynamides is described. At relatively low temperatures, the Ficini-Claisen rearrangement can be efficiently promoted by p-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid leading to high diastereoselectivity for a range of different allylic alcohols and chiral ynamides. [reaction: see text]

NMR studies on epoxidations of allenamides. Evidence for formation of nitrogen-substituted allene oxide and spiro-epoxide via trapping experiments.

Two epoxidations of chiral allenamides are described here. While treatment with m-CPBA led to highly stereoselective formation of an alpha-keto aminal that can be useful synthetically, DMDO oxidation led to conclusive evidence for both nitrogen-substituted allene oxide (via mono-epoxidation) and spiro-epoxide (via bis-epoxidation) using intramolecular nucleophilic trapping experiments. NMR studies provide reliable evidence for a 3-oxetanone that can be derived from the spiro-epoxide and also suggest the presence of an allene oxide.