Particulate matter from wildfire smoke in northern Colorado appears to be associated with conjunctivitis in dogs.

Objective: To evaluate ocular surface parameters in dogs with normal eyes when exposed to 3 different air quality index (AQI) categories corresponding to levels of normal air pollutants ("good," 0 to 50; "moderate," 51 to 100) and wildfire smoke ("smoke," 101 to 150).

Animals: 15 privately owned dogs.

Methods: A prospective cohort study with dogs living in northern Colorado.

Comparison of Antiviral Immune Responses in Healthy Cats Induced by Two Immune Therapeutics.

Background: Effective immunotherapeutic agents for use in cats are needed to aid in the management of intractable viral diseases, including feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) infection. The objectives of this study were to compare two different immune stimulants for antiviral activity in cats: (1) TLR 2/6-activating compound polyprenyl immunostimulant; (PI) and (2) liposome Toll-like receptor 3/9 agonist complexes (LTCs) to determine relative abilities to stimulate the induction of type I (IFN-α, IFN-β) and type II (IFN-γ) interferon immune responses in vitro and to study the effects of treatment on immune responses in healthy cats.

Methods: Cytokine and cellular immune responses to PI and LTC were evaluated using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy cats incubated with LTC and PI at indicated concentrations using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays and ELISA assays.

Fipronil and (S)-methoprene can lessen the risk of transmission of Bartonella clarridgeiae among cats with exposure to Ctenocephalides felis.

Objective: To cohouse cats experimentally infected with Bartonella clarridgeiae (Bc) with naive cats in a flea-free environment or with Ctenocephalides felis, Bartonella henselae (Bh), Mycoplasma haemofelis, and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum to determine which flea could be a vector and to assess whether transmission of the infectious agents could be blocked by fipronil and (S)-methoprene.

Animals: Specific pathogen-free cats (n = 34).

Methods: In experiment 1, Bc was inoculated in 1 cat that was housed with 9 naive cats without C felis.

Single cell transcriptomic analysis of the canine duodenum in chronic inflammatory enteropathy and health.

Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) is a common condition in dogs causing recurrent or persistent gastrointestinal clinical signs. Pathogenesis is thought to involve intestinal mucosal inflammatory infiltrates, but histopathological evaluation of intestinal biopsies from dogs with CIE fails to guide treatment, inform prognosis, or correlate with clinical remission. We employed single-cell RNA sequencing to catalog and compare the diversity of cells present in duodenal mucosal endoscopic biopsies from 3 healthy dogs and 4 dogs with CIE.

Pradofloxacin for Treatment of in Experimentally Inoculated Cats.

is associated with numerous clinical syndromes in people. Cats are the definitive hosts for , develop high levels of bacteremia, and are associated with human infections, particularly in the presence of . Several antibiotic protocols used for the treatment of infection in cats have failed to clear bacteremia.

Total thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone responses of healthy cats to different doses of thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation can be used as a test of thyroid function and pituitary thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) reserve, but optimal stimulation testing protocols in cats are unreported. We randomly divided 6 healthy young adult cats into 3 groups of 2 and administered 3 different intravenous doses of TRH (0.01, 0.

Efficacy of an elemental diet in achieving clinical remission in dogs with chronic enteropathy.

Background: Diet may induce clinical remission in dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE). Elemental diets (EDs), providing protein as amino acids, modulate intestinal immunity and microbiome in rodents and humans.

Hypothesis: Evaluate the impact of an amino acid-based kibble (EL) on CE clinical activity and gastrointestinal (GI)-relevant variables.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines in aqueous humor from dogs with anterior uveitis and post-operative ocular hypertension following phacoemulsification, primary glaucoma, and normal healthy eyes.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in aqueous humor (AH) from dogs with anterior uveitis and post-operative ocular hypertension (POH) following phacoemulsification, in AH from dogs with primary glaucoma, and in normal healthy eyes with no signs of anterior uveitis or other ocular diseases.

Methods: An exploratory study including 21 samples of AH collected from 15 dogs; post-phacoemulsification with anterior uveitis and POH ('POH group', n = 10 samples), primary glaucoma ('glaucoma group', n = 6 samples), and normal ('normal group', n = 5 samples). Target mass spectrometry via multiple reaction monitoring (MRM-MS) with the Canine Cytokine SpikeMix™ as internal standard was used to measure the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.

Effect of repeated administration of a parenteral feline herpesvirus-1, calicivirus, and panleukopenia virus vaccine on select clinicopathologic, immunological, renal histologic, and immunohistochemical parameters in healthy adult cats.

Objective: To assess whether hyperinoculation of cats with a feline herpesvirus-1, calicivirus, and panleukopenia virus (FVRCP) vaccine could be used as a model to study interstitial nephritis and to assess humoral and cell-mediated immune responses toward vaccinal α-enolase.

Animals: 6 healthy young adult purpose-bred research cats.

Procedures: Baseline renal cortical biopsies, whole blood, serum, and urine were collected prior to administration of a commercial FVRCP parenteral vaccine.

Review and statistical analysis of clinical management of feline leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum.

Background: There is limited information about feline leishmaniosis (FeL) management in clinical practice. Leishmania infantum is the species of Leishmania most frequently reported in both dogs and cats in countries of the Mediterranean region (henceforth 'Mediterranean countries'), Central and South America, and Iran. This study was conducted to provide veterinary clinicians with an updated overview of evidence-based information on leishmaniosis in cats.

Increase in infected corneal ulcerations in dogs during the northern Colorado's 2020 wildfire season.

Objective: In the fall of 2020, Colorado experienced the two largest wildfires in state history. The smoke blanketed the college town of Fort Collins, Colorado, the location of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Colorado State University (CSU-VTH). The objective for this cross-sectional observational study was to evaluate how these wildfires and the corresponding elevated air quality index (AQI)) was associated with infected corneal ulcerations in dogs when compared to the two previous years.

Efficacy of feeding a diet containing a high concentration of mixed fiber sources for management of acute large bowel diarrhea in dogs in shelters.

Background: Use of diets with increased concentrations of dietary fiber is thought to be beneficial in the management of dogs with large bowel diarrhea.

Objective: To determine whether feeding a diet with high concentrations of soluble and insoluble fiber to dogs with acute colitis would be superior to feeding a diet with typical fiber levels.

Animals: A total of 52 dogs with acute signs of large bowel diarrhea housed in an animal shelter were entered into the study; 11 dogs per diet completed the protocol.

Associations between presence of Bartonella species deoxyribonucleic acid and complete blood cell count and serum biochemical changes in client-owned cats.

Background: Infection with Bartonella species is common in cats but reported effects of bacteremia on laboratory variables differ.

Objectives: Evaluate for associations between Bartonella bacteremia and CBC and serum biochemical changes in sick and healthy cats throughout the United States.

Animals: A total of 3964 client-owned cats.

Evaluation for associations amongst Giardia duodenalis assemblages and diarrhea in dogs.

Giardia duodenalis is a species complex comprising at least eight assemblages. Most dogs harbor the host-adapted assemblages C and D and approximately 30 % harbor the zoonotic assemblages. Humans and dogs with giardiosis can exhibit a variety of clinical manifestations ranging from the absence of clinical signs to acute or chronic diarrhea.

Evaluation of hair and nail cortisol concentrations and associations with behavioral, physical, and environmental indicators of chronic stress in cats.

Background: Chronic stress is implicated in behavioral and health issues in cats, but methods for recognition, evaluation, and measurement of stress are lacking. Cortisol concentration is typically used as an indicator of stress.

Objectives: To evaluate use of an enzyme immunoassay to quantitate hair and nail cortisol concentrations (HCC and NCC) in cats and evaluate associations between HCC and NCC and behavioral, physical, and environmental correlates of chronic stress in cats.

Experimental infection of cats with .

Objectives: The aims of this study were to experimentally inoculate cats with oocysts and compare fecal detection by fluorescent antibody assay (FA) and quantitative PCR (qPCR), and document clinical signs associated with infection.

Methods: Cryptosporidium felis oocysts were concentrated from the feces of a naturally infected cat and orally inoculated into six cats that tested negative for by an FA and fecal flotation (FF). Cats were observed daily for the presence of clinical signs consistent with infection.

Evaluation of the role of species and in feline anemia cases in Colorado, USA.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood of cats in Colorado, USA, with suspected infectious causes of anemia for the presence of species and DNA. Results of PCR testing for other common vector-borne diseases potentially associated with anemia are also reported.

Methods: Samples from 101 cats were tested using a PCR assay that coamplified the DNA of and species mitochondrial DNA.

Experimental infection of cats with Cystoisospora felis.

Background: Cystoisospora felis is a common parasite of cats and is diagnosed by fecal flotation, but false-negative results can be common.

Hypothesis/objectives: To experimentally inoculate cats with C. felis oocysts, to compare fecal flotation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results, and to describe any clinical signs consistent with infection.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and infectious respiratory disease complex in shelter dogs.

Background: Hypovitaminosis D is a risk factor for the development of respiratory infections in humans and repletion can be protective.

Objectives: Determine if serum 25-hydroxyvitamin (OH)D concentrations are lower in shelter dogs and if 25(OH)D concentrations are associated with clinical signs of canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) or with time in the shelter.

Animals: One hundred forty-six shelter dogs (clinically ill n = 36, apparently healthy n = 110) and 23 nonshelter control dogs.

Ehrlichia canis in dogs experimentally infected, treated, and then immune suppressed during the acute or subclinical phases.

Background: Concerns for recrudescence of Ehrlichia canis infection arise when immunosuppressive drugs are used to treat immune-mediated diseases in dogs previously infected with E. canis.

Objectives: Determine whether administration of prednisolone and cyclosporine would reactivate E.

Evaluation of the effects of anthelmintic administration on the fecal microbiome of healthy dogs with and without subclinical Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium canis infections.

Background: The gastrointestinal microbiome plays an important role in host health and there is increasing concern regarding the deleterious effects of pharmaceuticals on the fecal microbiome. The effect of anthelmintic therapy on the fecal microbiome in dogs has not yet been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of anthelmintic administration on the fecal microbiome of dogs with and without subclinical Giardia species and Cryptosporidium canis infections.

Role of vector-borne pathogens in the development of fever in cats: 2. Tick- and sandfly-associated diseases.

Practical Relevance: There has been increasing identification of vector-borne pathogens in cats presented to veterinary clinics around the world for evaluation of fever and the associated secondary effects, such as signs of depression and loss of appetite.

Aim: The aim of this article is to summarize the clinically relevant information concerning fever in cats that is associated with pathogens vectored by ticks or sandflies, with an emphasis on presenting clinical abnormalities and optimal diagnostic, treatment and prevention strategies. Fever in cats associated with pathogens known or suspected to be vectored by fleas was discussed within Part 1 of this two-part article series.

Role of vector-borne pathogens in the development of fever in cats: 1. Flea-associated diseases.

Practical Relevance: There has been increasing identification of vector-borne pathogens in cats presented to veterinary clinics around the world for evaluation of fever and the associated secondary effects, such as signs of depression and loss of appetite.

Aim: The aim of this article is to summarize the clinically relevant information concerning fever in cats that is associated with pathogens known or suspected to be vectored by fleas, with an emphasis on presenting clinical abnormalities and optimal diagnostic, treatment and prevention strategies. Fever in cats that is associated with pathogens vectored by ticks or sandflies is discussed in Part 2 of this article series.

Effect of topical administration of 0.1% diclofenac sodium ophthalmic solution at four frequencies on intraocular pressure in healthy Beagles.

Objective: To evaluate effects of topical ophthalmic administration of diclofenac on intraocular pressure (IOP) when applied at 4 frequencies to eyes of Beagles.

Animals: 8 ophthalmologically normal Beagles.

Procedures: The study involved four 5-day experimental periods each separated by a 16-day washout period.