Suppressing fear in the presence of a safety cue requires infralimbic cortical signaling to central amygdala.

Stressful events can have lasting and impactful effects on behavior, especially by disrupting normal regulation of fear and reward processing. Accurate discrimination among environmental cues predicting threat, safety or reward adaptively guides behavior. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) represents a condition in which maladaptive fear persists in response to explicit safety-predictive cues that coincide with previously learned threat cues, but without threat being present.

Natural infrastructure in dryland streams (NIDS) can establish regenerative wetland sinks that reverse desertification and strengthen climate resilience.

In this article we describe the natural hydrogeomorphological and biogeochemical cycles of dryland fluvial ecosystems that make them unique, yet vulnerable to land use activities and climate change. We introduce Natural Infrastructure in Dryland Streams (NIDS), which are structures naturally or anthropogenically created from earth, wood, debris, or rock that can restore implicit function of these systems. This manuscript further discusses the capability of and functional similarities between beaver dams and anthropogenic NIDS, documented by decades of scientific study.

Field experiments to assess passage of juvenile salmonids across beaver dams during low flow conditions in a tributary to the Klamath River, California, USA.

Across Eurasia and North America, beaver (Castor spp), their dams and their human-built analogues are becoming increasingly common restoration tools to facilitate recovery of streams and wetlands, providing a natural and cost-effective means of restoring dynamic fluvial ecosystems. Although the use of beaver ponds by numerous fish and wildlife species is well documented, debate continues as to the benefits of beaver dams, primarily because dams are perceived as barriers to fish movement, particularly migratory species such as salmonids. In this study, through a series of field experiments, we tested the ability of juvenile salmonids to cross constructed beaver dams (aka beaver dam analogues).

Effect of Osteochondroplasty on Time to Reoperation After Arthroscopic Management of Femoroacetabular Impingement: Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: A subset of patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) fail arthroscopic management. It is not clear which patients will fail surgical management; however, several surgical and patient factors, such as type of procedure and age, are thought to be important predictors.

Purpose: This time-to-event analysis with a 27-month follow-up analysis compared the effect of (1) arthroscopic osteochondroplasty with or without labral repair versus (2) arthroscopic lavage with or without labral repair on the time to reoperation in adults aged 18 to 50 years with FAI.

Disturbance cues function as a background risk cue but not as an associative learning cue in tadpoles.

Chemical information has an important role in the sensory ecology of aquatic species. For aquatic prey, chemical cues are a vital source of information related to predator avoidance and risk assessment. For instance, alarm cues are released by prey that have been injured by predators.

ABC of prescribing exercise as medicine: a narrative review of the experiences of general practitioners and patients.

Background: Exercise prescribing can help patients to overcome physical inactivity, but its use in general practice is limited. The purpose of this narrative review was to investigate contemporaneous experiences of general practitioners and patients with exercise prescribing.

Method: PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Cochrane reviews were reviewed using the terms 'exercise prescription', 'exercise prescribing', 'family practice', 'general practice', 'adults' and 'physical activity prescribing'.

The patient journey toward a diagnosis of hereditary transthyretin (ATTRv) amyloidosis.

Background: Despite emerging treatments for hereditary transthyretin (ATTRv) amyloidosis, the disease is often misdiagnosed, with reported diagnostic delays of up to several years. Knowledge of the patient journey leading up to diagnosis may help to promote earlier intervention. The study's objective was to examine patient clinical characteristics and healthcare utilization prior to ATTRv amyloidosis diagnosis.

Patient-reported burden of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis on functioning and well-being.

Background: Hereditary transthyretin (hATTR) amyloidosis is a rare, systemic, progressive, and life-threatening disease in which transthyretin proteins misfold and aggregate as insoluble amyloid deposits, disrupting nervous, cardiac, gastrointestinal, and other organ tissues. There are limited available data about the experience of patients living with hATTR amyloidosis. This study used a qualitative, non-interventional design to explore the humanistic burden of hATTR amyloidosis from the patient's perspective.

Osteochondroplasty and Labral Repair for the Treatment of Young Adults With Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a condition known to cause hip pain in young adults.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of the surgical correction of FAI via arthroscopic osteochondroplasty with or without labral repair compared with arthroscopic lavage of the hip joint with or without labral repair.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.

mNIS+7 and lower limb function in inotersen treatment of hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis.

Introduction: Inotersen, an antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor of transthyretin (TTR) protein production, demonstrated significant benefit versus placebo in the modified Neuropathy Impairment Score (NIS) +7 neurophysiologic tests (mNIS+7) in patients with hereditary TTR-mediated amyloidosis (hATTR) with polyneuropathy. This analysis assessed the mNIS+7 components by anatomic location and the lower limb function (LLF) test.

Methods: Adults with hATTR in the NEURO-TTR trial (NCT01737398) were randomly assigned to receive weekly doses of subcutaneous inotersen 300 mg or placebo for 65 weeks.

Neuropathy symptom and change: Inotersen treatment of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis.

Introduction: Hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis (hATTR) manifests as multisystem dysfunction, including progressive polyneuropathy. Inotersen, an antisense oligonucleotide, improved the course of neuropathic impairment in patients with hATTR in the pivotal NEURO-TTR study (NCT01737398). To determine inotersen's impact on symptoms and patients' neuropathy experience, we performed a post hoc analysis of the Neuropathy Symptoms and Change (NSC) score.

The Clinical and Economic Burden of Newly Diagnosed Hereditary Transthyretin (ATTRv) Amyloidosis: A Retrospective Analysis of Claims Data.

Introduction: Little is known about the burden of hereditary transthyretin (ATTRv) amyloidosis, a genetic, progressive, and fatal disease caused by extracellular deposition of transthyretin amyloid fibrils. The study's aim was to estimate costs and disease burden associated with ATTRv amyloidosis in a real-world setting.

Methods: Using IBM MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplemental data, we identified patients at least 18 years of age with newly diagnosed ATTRv amyloidosis.

Inotersen preserves or improves quality of life in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis.

Objective: To examine the impact on quality of life (QOL) of patients with hATTR amyloidosis with polyneuropathy treated with inotersen (Tegsedi™) versus placebo.

Methods: Data were from the NEURO-TTR trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01737398), a phase 3, multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of inotersen in patients with hATTR amyloidosis with polyneuropathy.

Burden of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis on quality of life.

Introduction: Hereditary transthyretin (hATTR) amyloidosis is a progressive, degenerative disease, with peripheral neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, and other clinical manifestations. In this study we examine the impact of hATTR amyloidosis on quality of life (QOL).

Methods: Neuropathy-specific QOL, measured with the Norfolk QOL-Diabetic Neuropathy questionnaire, was compared between patients with hATTR amyloidosis and patients with type 2 diabetes, whereas generic QOL, measured with the 36-item Short Form Health Survey version 2 (SF-36v2), was compared between patients with hATTR amyloidosis, the general population, and patients with chronic diseases.

Development of working memory in the male adolescent rat.

Working memory develops over the course of adolescence, and neuroimaging studies find development-associated changes in the activity of prefrontal cortical brain regions. Establishment of a rodent model of working memory development would permit more comprehensive studies of the molecular and circuit basis for working memory development in health and disease. Thus, in this study, working memory performance was compared between adolescent and adult male Sprague-Dawley rats using an operant-based, delay-match-to-sample working memory task.

Optimizing outpatient total hip arthroplasty: perspectives of key stakeholders.

Background: Advances in surgical techniques combined with multimodal analgesia and early rehabilitation have potentiated early mobilization in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA). Given an increasing push from patients to accelerate recovery and health care budgetary limitations, there has been growing interest in the implementation of outpatient THA in selected patients. Understanding the patient and primary caregiver experience of outpatient THA is important to optimize care.

Corrigendum: Ecosystem experiment reveals benefits of natural and simulated beaver dams to a threatened population of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/srep28581.

Modeling intrinsic potential for beaver (Castor canadensis) habitat to inform restoration and climate change adaptation.

Through their dam-building activities and subsequent water storage, beaver have the potential to restore riparian ecosystems and offset some of the predicted effects of climate change by modulating streamflow. Thus, it is not surprising that reintroducing beaver to watersheds from which they have been extirpated is an often-used restoration and climate-adaptation strategy. Identifying sites for reintroduction, however, requires detailed information about habitat factors-information that is not often available at broad spatial scales.

Slow V˙O kinetics in acute hypoxia are not related to a hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia.

We examined whether slower pulmonary O uptake (V˙O) kinetics in hypoxia is a consequence of: a) hypoxia alone (lowered arterial O pressure), b) hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia (lowered arterial CO pressure), or c) a combination of both. Eleven participants performed 3-5 repetitions of step-changes in cycle ergometer power output from 20W to 80% lactate threshold in the following conditions: i) normoxia (CON; room air); ii) hypoxia (HX, inspired O = 12%; lowered end-tidal O pressure [PO] and end-tidal CO pressure [PCO]); iii) hyperventilation (HV; increased PO and lowered PCO); and iv) normocapnic hypoxia (NC-HX; lowered PO and PCO matched to CON). Ventilation was increased (relative to CON) and matched between HX, HV, and NC-HX conditions.

Altering D1 receptor activity in the basolateral amygdala impairs fear suppression during a safety cue.

Accurate discrimination among cues signifying reward, danger or safety initiates the proper emotional response in order to guide behavior. Appropriate conditioned inhibition of fear in the presence of a safety cue would allow an organism to engage in reward seeking behaviors. There is currently little known about the mechanisms of reward, fear and safety cue discrimination and how a safety cue can inhibit fear and release reward seeking from inhibition.

Alteration of stream temperature by natural and artificial beaver dams.

Beaver are an integral component of hydrologic, geomorphic, and biotic processes within North American stream systems, and their propensity to build dams alters stream and riparian structure and function to the benefit of many aquatic and terrestrial species. Recognizing this, beaver relocation efforts and/or application of structures designed to mimic the function of beaver dams are increasingly being utilized as effective and cost-efficient stream and riparian restoration approaches. Despite these verities, the notion that beaver dams negatively impact stream habitat remains common, specifically the assumption that beaver dams increase stream temperatures during summer to the detriment of sensitive biota such as salmonids.

Outpatient Total Hip Arthroplasty, Total Knee Arthroplasty, and Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Background: The demand for total hip arthroplasty (THA), total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is growing rapidly because of the proven success of these procedures and an increase in the aging population. However, resources are limited and health-care budgets are finite. Recently, a number of care providers have started performing these procedures on an outpatient basis, with the patients being discharged from the hospital on the day of surgery.

Effects of Adolescent Cannabinoid Self-Administration in Rats on Addiction-Related Behaviors and Working Memory.

Use of marijuana (Cannabis sativa) often begins in adolescence, and heavy adolescent marijuana use is often associated with impaired cognitive function in adulthood. However, clinical reports of long-lasting cognitive deficits, particularly in subjects who discontinue use in adulthood, are mixed. Moreover, dissociating innate differences in cognitive function from cannabis-induced deficits is challenging.

Ecosystem experiment reveals benefits of natural and simulated beaver dams to a threatened population of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Beaver have been referred to as ecosystem engineers because of the large impacts their dam building activities have on the landscape; however, the benefits they may provide to fluvial fish species has been debated. We conducted a watershed-scale experiment to test how increasing beaver dam and colony persistence in a highly degraded incised stream affects the freshwater production of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Following the installation of beaver dam analogs (BDAs), we observed significant increases in the density, survival, and production of juvenile steelhead without impacting upstream and downstream migrations.

Turnover of hydrogen isotopes in lake sturgeon blood: implications for tracking movements of wild populations.

Naturally occurring deuterium ((2)H) in biota can be used to trace movement, migration and geographic origin of a range of organisms. However, to evaluate movements of animals using δ(2)H measurements of tissues, it is necessary to establish the turnover time of (2)H in the tissues and the extent of isotopic discrimination from different environmental (2)H sources to those tissues. We investigated the turnover of (2)H in lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) blood by manipulating both environmental water δ(2)H and diet δ(2)H over a four-month period.