Extranodal extension, an international survey on its evaluation and reporting in breast cancer patients.

Lymph node metastasis is the most important prognostic factor for breast cancer patients. In addition to the number of nodes involved and the largest metastatic focus, extranodal extension (ENE) is also used to subclassify breast cancer patients into different risk groups. More recently, pathologists are required to report the size/extent of ENE per the new CAP guideline, as it seems to be associated with more axillary nodal burden and/or a worse prognosis.

Improving the heat transfer efficiency of synthetic oil with silica nanoparticles.

The heat transfer properties of synthetic oil (Therminol 66) used for high temperature applications was improved by introducing 15 nm silicon dioxide nanoparticles. Stable suspensions of inorganic nanoparticles in the non-polar fluid were prepared using a cationic surfactant (benzalkonium chloride). The effects of nanoparticle and surfactant concentrations on thermo-physical properties (viscosity, thermal conductivity and total heat absorption) of these nanofluids were investigated in a wide temperature range.