Effect of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Concentration on Cryopreservation of Booroolong Frog Sperm with Evaluation of Post-Thaw Motility in Caffeine.

Reproductive technologies, including sperm cryopreservation, offer conservationists enhanced capacity to genetically manage populations and improve the outcomes of conservation breeding programs (CBPs). Despite this potential, the post-thaw quality of amphibian sperm is highly variable following cryopreservation, and research focused on protocol refinement is needed. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to investigate the effect of the addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the cryopreservation medium (pre-freeze), and (2) the effect of the addition of caffeine to the activation medium (post-thaw), on post-thaw sperm characteristics in the critically endangered Booroolong frog ().

Type I interferon governs immunometabolic checkpoints that coordinate inflammation during Staphylococcal infection.

Macrophage metabolic plasticity is central to inflammatory programming, yet mechanisms of coordinating metabolic and inflammatory programs during infection are poorly defined. Here, we show that type I interferon (IFN) temporally guides metabolic control of inflammation during methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. We find that staggered Toll-like receptor and type I IFN signaling in macrophages permit a transient energetic state of combined oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and aerobic glycolysis followed by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-mediated OXPHOS disruption.

Non-canonical activation of IRE1α during infection enhances macrophage fungicidal activity.

While the canonical function of IRE1α is to detect misfolded proteins and activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to maintain cellular homeostasis, microbial pathogens can also activate IRE1α, which modulates innate immunity and infection outcomes. However, how infection activates IRE1α and its associated inflammatory functions have not been fully elucidated. Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns can activate IRE1α, but it is unclear whether this depends on protein misfolding.

Cryopreservation Cooling Rate Impacts Post-Thaw Sperm Motility and Survival in .

The cryopreservation and storage of gametes (biobanking) can provide a long-term, low-cost option for the preservation of population genetic diversity and is particularly impactful when applied to manage selective breeding within conservation breeding programs (CBPs). This study aimed to develop a sperm cryopreservation protocol for the critically endangered Booroolong frog () to capture founder genetics within the recently established (est. 2019) CBP for this species.

Prospective, randomized, double blind comparison of suture materials with and without triclosan in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy.

Objectives: To determine if triclosan-impregnated suture decreases surgical site infection rates after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in dogs.

Sample Population: There were 116 dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament disease presenting for treatment with TPLO.

Procedures: Written consent was obtained by all clients in order to be included in this study.

Candida albicans selection for human commensalism results in substantial within-host diversity without decreasing fitness for invasive disease.

Candida albicans is a frequent colonizer of human mucosal surfaces as well as an opportunistic pathogen. C. albicans is remarkably versatile in its ability to colonize diverse host sites with differences in oxygen and nutrient availability, pH, immune responses, and resident microbes, among other cues.

Adhering to guideline concordant care improves survival among the different subtypes of T3 N2 non-small cell lung cancer.

Objectives: T3 disease comprises heterogeneous morphologic characteristics, a variation only further complicated when in the context of N2-confirmed involvement. This study aims to examine whether or not specific features of T3 N2 non-small cell lung cancer are associated with improved 5-year overall survival when using a multimodal therapeutic approach consistent with guideline recommendations compared with definitive surgery alone.

Methods: Patients with pathologic T3 N2 non-small cell lung cancer were identified in the National Cancer Database.

Adjuvant chemotherapy for visceral pleural invasion in 3-4-cm non-small-cell lung cancer improves survival.

Objectives: Visceral pleural invasion (VPI) guidelines, for tumours ≤4 cm are ambiguous. Non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) 3 to ≤4 cm are assigned the T2a designation. Similarly, any tumours with VPI, smaller than 3 cm, are upstaged and also assigned the same T2a designation.

FTO Suppresses STAT3 Activation and Modulates Proinflammatory Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression.

Signaling initiated by type I interferon (IFN) results in the induction of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The type I IFN response is important for antiviral restriction, but aberrant activation of this response can lead to inflammation and autoimmunity. Regulation of this response is incompletely understood.

Differential outcomes of residual disease in surgically-resected non-small cell lung cancer and the importance of guideline-concordant adjuvant therapy.

Background: Positive mediastinal lymph nodes, a marker for systemic disease, and positive margins, a marker for local disease, following resection of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are forms of residual disease. The objective of this study is to compare survival of patients with residual disease and to study the effect of receipt of guideline vs. non-guideline concordant care.

Regional Variation in Treatment for Highest-Risk Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Background: Non-small cell lung cancer patients with multiple high-risk socioeconomic factors experience treatment and survival disparities. We aim to assess whether disparities in treatment and survival vary by region for patients with 3 or more high-risk socioeconomic factors.

Methods: The National Cancer Database was queried for patients with clinical stage I-IIA non-small cell lung cancer diagnosed between 2010 and 2015.

Post-transcriptional regulation of antiviral gene expression by N6-methyladenosine.

Type I interferons (IFNs) induce hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in response to viral infection. Induction of these ISGs must be regulated for an efficient and controlled antiviral response, but post-transcriptional controls of these genes have not been well defined. Here, we identify a role for the RNA base modification N6-methyladenosine (mA) in the regulation of ISGs.

Adjuvant Chemotherapy Improves Survival in pN-positive Clinical Stage IIIA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer After Neoadjuvant Therapy and Resection.

Background: The utility of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) after neoadjuvant therapy and curative intent surgery for clinical stage IIIA (cIIIA) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not defined. We sought to evaluate the contribution of AC to overall survival (OS) in patients with cIIIA NSCLC who underwent neoadjuvant therapy followed by curative intent surgical resection.

Methods: The National Cancer Database was queried from 2010 to 2016 for patients with cIIIA NSCLC who underwent curative intent surgical resection after neoadjuvant therapy.

Trends in pneumonectomy for treatment of small-cell lung cancer.

Background: According to practice guidelines, patients with clinical stage T1-2 node-negative small-cell lung cancer are candidates for surgical resection. However, the role of pneumonectomy in small-cell lung cancer patients is not well understood. The objective of this study was to assess the extent to which pneumonectomy is used and to evaluate the survival implications for small-cell lung cancer patients who underwent pneumonectomy.

Use of vessel sealing system for multiple partial lung lobectomies for spontaneous pneumothorax.

A wolf hybrid dog was presented for dyspnea and tachypnea. Thoracic radiographs revealed a pneumothorax. A median sternotomy was performed, and multiple pulmonary blebs were identified on several lung lobes.

IL-27 signaling activates skin cells to induce innate antiviral proteins and protects against Zika virus infection.

In the skin, antiviral proteins and other immune molecules serve as the first line of innate antiviral defense. Here, we identify and characterize the induction of cutaneous innate antiviral proteins in response to IL-27 and its functional role during cutaneous defense against Zika virus infection. Transcriptional and phenotypic profiling of epidermal keratinocytes treated with IL-27 demonstrated activation of antiviral proteins OAS1, OAS2, OASL, and MX1 in the skin of both mice and humans.

Disparities in Guideline-Concordant Treatment for Pathologic N1 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) disparities in the surgical management of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are well described. Disparities in the receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy are poorly understood. We assessed the influence of SES on adjuvant chemotherapy after resection in patients with pN1 NSCLC.

A systematic review of paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymoma: Treatment modalities, recurrence, and outcomes in resected cases.

Objective: Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymomas remain incompletely understood. The objective was to examine the association between surgically resected thymomas and paraneoplastic syndromes over the past half century.

Methods: A primary PubMed/MEDLINE search was used to identify published articles describing paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymomas from 1960 to 2019.

Fortification of Preservation Solution With Nitroprusside Does Not Alter Lung Allograft Survival in Clinical Human Lung Transplantation.

Nitric oxide improves gas exchange following primary lung allograft dysfunction. Nitroprusside, a potent nitric oxide donor, has reduced reperfusion injury and improved oxygenation in experimental lung transplantation. We sought to study the effect on lung allograft outcomes of fortifying the preservation solution with nitroprusside.

The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Treatment and Mortality in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients.

Background: Treatment decisions for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are based on patient and tumor characteristics, including socioeconomic status (SES) factors. The objective was to assess the contribution of SES factors to treatment and outcomes among patients with stage I NSCLC.

Methods: The National Cancer Database was queried for operable patients with stage I NSCLC.

The small GTPase RAB1B promotes antiviral innate immunity by interacting with TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3).

Innate immune detection of viral nucleic acids during viral infection activates a signaling cascade that induces type I and type III IFNs as well as other cytokines, to generate an antiviral response. This signaling is initiated by pattern recognition receptors, such as the RNA helicase retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), that sense viral RNA. These sensors then interact with the adaptor protein mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), which recruits additional signaling proteins, including TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), to form a signaling complex that activates IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) for transcriptional induction of type I IFNs.

Trimodality vs Chemoradiation and Salvage Resection in cN2 Stage IIIA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

To determine the overall survival (OS) in patients who underwent planned trimodality therapy (TMT) and those who underwent definitive concurrent chemoradiation (CRT), but later received salvage resection (SR) for stage IIIA (cN2) (AJCC 7th ed.) non-small cell lung cancer. National Cancer Database data set from 2004 to 2014 was queried.