Late DNA Damage Mediated by Homologous Recombination Repair Results in Radiosensitization with Gemcitabine.

Gemcitabine (dFdCyd) shows broad antitumor activity in solid tumors in chemotherapeutic regimens or when combined with ionizing radiation (radiosensitization). While it is known that mismatches in DNA are necessary for dFdCyd radiosensitization, the critical event resulting in radiosensitization has not been identified. Here we hypothesized that late DNA damage (≥24 h after drug washout/irradiation) is a causal event in radiosensitization by dFdCyd, and that homologous recombination repair (HRR) is required for this late DNA damage.

Folate levels modulate oncogene-induced replication stress and tumorigenicity.

Chromosomal instability in early cancer stages is caused by replication stress. One mechanism by which oncogene expression induces replication stress is to drive cell proliferation with insufficient nucleotide levels. Cancer development is driven by alterations in both genetic and environmental factors.

Drug metabolism and homologous recombination repair in radiosensitization with gemcitabine.

Gemcitabine (difluorodeoxycytidine; dFdCyd) is a potent radiosensitizer, noted for its ability to enhance cytotoxicity with radiation at noncytotoxic concentrations in vitro and subchemotherapeutic doses in patients. Radiosensitization in human tumor cells requires dFdCyd-mediated accumulation of cells in S phase with inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, resulting in ≥80% deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) depletion and errors of replication in DNA. Less is known of the role of specific DNA replication and repair pathways in the radiosensitization mechanism.

Nucleotide deficiency promotes genomic instability in early stages of cancer development.

Chromosomal instability in early cancer stages is caused by stress on DNA replication. The molecular basis for replication perturbation in this context is currently unknown. We studied the replication dynamics in cells in which a regulator of S phase entry and cell proliferation, the Rb-E2F pathway, is aberrantly activated.

Mutagenesis of basic residues R151 and R161 in manganese-stabilizing protein of photosystem II causes inefficient binding of chloride to the oxygen-evolving complex.

Manganese-stabilizing protein of photosystem II, an intrinsically disordered polypeptide, contains a high ratio of charged to hydrophobic amino acid residues. Arg151 and Arg161 are conserved in all known MSP sequences. To examine the role of these basic residues in MSP structure and function, three mutants of spinach MSP, R151G, R151D, and R161G, were produced.

Promising combination therapies with gemcitabine.

Because treatment regimens for breast cancer commonly include gemcitabine, we evaluated two promising combinations in preclinical studies: gemcitabine (Gemzar; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN) with either ionizing radiation or docetaxel (Taxotere; Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Parsippany, NJ). In breast cancer cell lines that expressed either wild-type p53 (MCF-7) or mutant p53 (MCF-7/Adr), sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine during a 24-hour incubation was similar (IC(50) values 80 and 60 nmol/L in MCF-7 and MCF-7/Adr, respectively). Both cell lines were well radiosensitized by gemcitabine at the corresponding IC(50), with radiation enhancement ratios of 1.

Enhanced radiosensitization with gemcitabine in mismatch repair-deficient HCT116 cells.

Gemcitabine [2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (dFdCyd)] is a potent ionizing radiation sensitizer in solid tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Previously, we have demonstrated (Shewach et al., Cancer Res.

Binding of manganese stabilizing protein to photosystem II: identification of essential N-terminal threonine residues and domains that prevent nonspecific binding.

The N-terminus of spinach photosystem II manganese stabilizing protein (MSP) contains two amino acid sequences, (4)KRLTYD(10)E and (15)TYL(18)E, that are necessary for binding of two copies of this subunit to the enzyme [Popelkova et al. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 10038-10045]. To better understand the basis of MSP-photosystem II interactions, the role of threonine residues in the highly conserved motifs T(Y/F)DE and TY has been characterized.

N-terminal truncations of manganese stabilizing protein identify two amino acid sequences required for binding of the eukaryotic protein to photosystem II and reveal the absence of one binding-related sequence in cyanobacteria.

Manganese stabilizing protein (MSP) is an intrinsically disordered extrinsic subunit of photosystem II that regulates the stability and kinetic performance of the tetranuclear manganese cluster that oxidizes water to oxygen. An earlier study showed that deletion of the (1)E-(3)G domain of MSP caused no loss of activity reconstitution, whereas deletion of the (4)K-(10)E domain reduced binding of the protein from 2 to 1 mol of MSP/mol of photosystem II and lowered activity reconstitution to about 50% of the control value [Popelkova et al. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 2702-2711].

N-terminus of the photosystem II manganese stabilizing protein: effects of sequence elongation and truncation.

The importance of the N-terminal domain of manganese stabilizing protein in binding to photosystem II has been previously demonstrated [Eaton-Rye and Murata (1989) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 977, 219-226; Odom and Bricker (1992) Biochemistry 31, 5616-5620].