The Energy Consumption of Radiology: Energy- and Cost-saving Opportunities for CT and MRI Operation.

Background Awareness of energy efficiency has been rising in the industrial and residential sectors but only recently in the health care sector. Purpose To measure the energy consumption of modern CT and MRI scanners in a university hospital radiology department and to estimate energy- and cost-saving potential during clinical operation. Materials and Methods Three CT scanners, four MRI scanners, and cooling systems were equipped with kilowatt-hour energy measurement sensors (2-Hz sampling rate).

A cellular network of dye-coupled glia associated with the embryonic central complex in the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria.

The central complex of the grasshopper (Schistocerca gregaria) brain comprises a modular set of neuropils, which develops after mid-embryogenesis and is functional on hatching. Early in embryogenesis, Repo-positive glia cells are found intermingled among the commissures of the midbrain, but then redistribute as central complex modules become established and, by the end of embryogenesis, envelop all midbrain neuropils. The predominant glia associated with the central body during embryogenesis are glutamine synthetase-/Repo-positive astrocyte-like glia, which direct extensive processes (gliopodia) into and around midbrain neuropils.

Astrocyte-like glia associated with the embryonic development of the central complex in the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria.

In this study we employed the expression of the astrocyte-specific enzyme glutamine synthetase, in addition to the glia-specific marker Repo, to characterize glia cell types associated with the embryonic development of the central complex in the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria. Double labeling experiments reveal that all glutamine synthetase-positive cells associated with the central complex are also Repo-positive and horseradish peroxidase-negative, confirming they are glia. Early in embryogenesis, prior to development of the central complex, glia form a continuous population extending from the pars intercerebralis into the region of the commissural fascicles.