Challenges in quantifying and characterizing dissolved organic carbon: Sampling, isolation, storage, and analysis.

Despite the advancements in analytical techniques, there are still great challenges and difficulties in accurately and effectively quantifying and characterizing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in environmental samples. The objectives of this review paper are (a) to understand the roles and variability of DOC along the water continuum; (b) to identify the constraints, inconsistences, limitations, and artifacts in DOC characterization; and (c) to provide recommendations and remarks to improve the analytical accuracy. For the first objective, we summarize the four ecological and engineering roles of DOC along the water continuum from source water to municipal utility, including nutrients and energy sources, controlling the fates of micropollutants, buffering capacity, and treatability and precursors of disinfection byproducts.

Phenotypic Variation in Mitochondria-Related Performance Traits Across New Zealand Snail Populations.

Mitochondrial function is critical for energy homeostasis and should shape how genetic variation in metabolism is transmitted through levels of biological organization to generate stability in organismal performance. Mitochondrial function is encoded by genes in two distinct and separately inherited genomes-the mitochondrial genome and the nuclear genome-and selection is expected to maintain functional mito-nuclear interactions. The documented high levels of polymorphism in genes involved in these mito-nuclear interactions and wide variation for mitochondrial function demands an explanation for how and why variability in such a fundamental trait is maintained.

Prospective study of therapeutic spiral enteroscopy in patients with surgically altered anatomy.

Background: Spiral enteroscopy is rapidly emerging, along with double- and single-balloon enteroscopy, as a paramount method to evaluate lesions in the deep small bowel. While the latter two methods have been used to manage patients with surgically altered anatomy, there are few reports on the role of spiral enteroscopy in this group. Our principal aim was to characterize the therapeutic uses of spiral enteroscopy in patients with surgically altered anatomy.

Esophageal intraepithelial eosinophils in dysphagic patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Background: Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) often complain of dysphagia and are frequently found to have intraepithelial eosinophils on esophageal biopsy.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dysphagia and the number of intraepithelial eosinophils in patients with GERD.

Methods: Review of all patients studied in our esophageal function laboratory from 1999 to 2007 identified 1,533 patients with increased esophageal acid exposure.

Induction of a chronic disease state in patients with smoldering or indolent multiple myeloma by targeting interleukin 1{beta}-induced interleukin 6 production and the myeloma proliferative component.

Objective: To conduct in vitro studies as well as a phase 2 clinical trial in patients with smoldering or indolent multiple myeloma to determine if interleukin 1 (IL-1) inhibitors can delay or prevent active myeloma.

Patients And Methods: Stromal cells were cocultured with IL-1beta-expressing myeloma cells in the presence of dexamethasone, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), or both. Levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and of apoptosis were also quantified.

The utility of intraluminal impedance in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease-like symptoms but normal endoscopy and 24-hour pH testing.

Background & Aims: Fifty percent of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease-like symptoms and negative endoscopy have negative 24-hour pH testing, suggesting that symptoms are not caused by abnormal esophageal acid exposure. Multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII)-24-hour pH allows the recognition of major acid, minor acid, nonacid, and gas reflux. Recorded symptoms can be correlated with all reflux events (eg, acid, minor acid, nonacid, and gas) and a symptom score can be generated.

R-(-)-gossypol (AT-101) activates programmed cell death in multiple myeloma cells.

Objective: Bcl-2 family proteins play a critical role in malignancies by regulating the balance between cell survival and apoptosis. R-(-)-gossypol (AT-101) is a small molecule that mimics the BH3 domain of cellular Bcl-2 inhibitors and interferes with the function of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins. We examined the cytotoxicity of AT-101 in the context of multiple myeloma, a fatal hematological malignancy.

Cytokine and chemokine profiles in multiple myeloma; significance of stromal interaction and correlation of IL-8 production with disease progression.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a product of interactions between tumor plasma cells and multiple cell types native to the bone marrow (BM). We have used antibody array technology to examine the proteins produced by BM stromal cells in response to stimulation by BM taken from patients diagnosed with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM), and MM. We observed increased production of the chemokine IL-8 by stromal cells co-cultured with supernatants from bone marrow cells of patients with active myeloma.

Differential expression of vascular endothelial growth factors and their receptors in multiple myeloma.

Background And Objectives: Bone marrow angiogenesis is increased in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and correlates with disease stage.

Design And Methods: Previous studies of quantifying vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors (VEGFR) in plasma cells from patients at different stages of MM found no significant difference in expression between overt MM and earlier pre-malignant stages of the disease namely, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM).

Results: In this report we used quantitative flow cytometry to study cytoplasmic VEGF (cyVEGF) expression (measured as antibody binding capacity) in plasma cells from patients with MM (n = 22), MGUS/SMM (n = 12), and AL-amyloidosis (AL) (n = 9).

New state record for the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse).

The 1st Aedes albopictus specimen recorded from Colorado was found near a tire storage site in Ft. Lupton on July 9, 2003. Intensified surveillance at the site in 2003 did not result in collection of any other specimens that season, leading to speculation that it was an isolated incident rather than an actual introduction for the species.

Identification of two groups of smoldering multiple myeloma patients who are either high or low producers of interleukin-1.

Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is abnormally expressed by the plasma cells obtained from myeloma patients, and it is a potent inducer of the important myeloma growth factor, IL-6. We investigated whether levels of IL-1beta biologic activity might distinguish different groups of patients with smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM). We measured the ability of IL-6 production by bone marrow stromal cells to serve as a surrogate marker for IL-1beta biologic activity.

Elevated serum B-lymphocyte stimulator levels in patients with familial lymphoproliferative disorders.

Purpose: Serum B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) levels have been found to be elevated in a number of immune disease models. Therefore, we sought to establish whether BLyS levels were elevated in patients with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders and to determine whether elevated BLyS levels correlated with clinical characteristics of the disease.

Patients And Methods: Specimens were collected from the peripheral blood of individuals diagnosed with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL; n = 70) or from age- and sex-matched patients seen at the same institution (n = 41).

Improvement of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms after radiofrequency energy: a randomized, sham-controlled trial.

Background & Aims: Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a prevalent disorder that often requires long-term medical therapy or surgery. The United States Food and Drug Administration recently cleared new endoluminal gastroesophageal reflux disease treatments; however, no controlled trials exist.

Methods: We randomly assigned 64 gastroesophageal reflux disease patients to radiofrequency energy delivery to the gastroesophageal junction (35 patients) or to a sham procedure (29 patients).

The gastric cardia: to be or not to be?

The origin and biologic significance of cardiac gastric mucosa are controversial. Traditionally, it has been considered native mucosa and part of normal foregut development. It has been recently suggested that cardiac mucosa is present only as a metaplastic response to gastroesophageal reflux disease and therefore always abnormal.