On the Biocompatibility and Teat Retention of In Situ Gelling Intramammary Formulations: Cattle Mastitis Prevention and Treatment.

Treatment and prevention of cattle mastitis remains a formidable challenge due to the anatomical and physiological constraints of the cow udder. In this study, we investigated polymeric excipients and solvents that can form, (when combined) novel, non-toxic and biocompatible in situ gelling formulations in the mammary gland of bovine cattle. We also report on a new approach to screen intramammary formulations using fresh excised cow teats.

Nanocarriers: more than tour de force for thymoquinone.

: Thymoquinone (TQ), 2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzo-1, 4-quinone, the main active constituent of Nigella sativa (NS) plant, has been proven to be of great therapeutic aid in various in vitro and in vivo conditions. Despite the promising therapeutic activities of TQ, this molecule is not yet in the clinical trials, restricted by its poor biopharmaceutical properties including photo-instability.: This review compiles the different types of polymeric and lipidic nanocarriers (NCs), encapsulating TQ for their improved oral bioavailability, and augmented in vitro and in vivo efficacy, evidenced on various pathologies.

Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment: Opportunities and Obstacles.

In the United States, the estimated number of new cancer cases in 2018 will be approx. 1.7 million.

Therapeutic prospects of microRNAs in cancer treatment through nanotechnology.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a new class of diagnostic and prognostic biomarker as well as new therapeutic targets in cancer therapy. miRNAs are gaining significant interest due to extensive advancements in knowledge since their discovery and, more recently, their translational application as therapeutic moieties and targets in the management of disease. miRNAs used in the treatment of cancer would position them as a new class of emerging therapeutic agents.

In Vitro Evaluation of Novel Phenytoin-Loaded Alkyd Nanoemulsions Designed for Application in Topical Wound Healing.

Phenytoin-loaded alkyd nanoemulsions were prepared spontaneously using the phase inversion method from a mixture of novel biosourced alkyds and Tween 80 surfactant. Exposure of human adult keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) for 48 h to alkyd nanoemulsions producing phenytoin concentrations of 3.125-200 μg/mL resulted in relative cell viability readings using tetrazolium dye 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide of 100% confirming nontoxicity and suggesting cell proliferation activity.

Design and characterisation of a polyethylene oxide matrix with the potential use as a teat insert for prevention/treatment of bovine mastitis.

This manuscript reports (for the first time) on antibiotic-free polymeric inserts for the prevention and/or treatment of bovine mastitis. Polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based inserts were prepared using different concentrations of various hydrophilic polymers and water-soluble and water-insoluble drug-release-modifying excipients. A simple and scalable melt-extrusion method was employed to prepare the inserts.

Vaginal drug delivery: strategies and concerns in polymeric nanoparticle development.

Introduction: Vaginal infection is widespread and > 80% of females encounter such infections during their lives. Topical treatment and prevention of vaginal infection allows direct therapeutic action, reduced drug doses and adverse effects, convenient administration and improved compliance. The advent of nanotechnology results in the use of nanoparticulate vehicle to control drug release, to enhance dosage form mucoadhesive properties and vaginal retention, and to promote mucus and epithelium permeation for both extracellular and intracellular drug delivery.

Recent developments in buccal and sublingual delivery systems.

Introduction: There have been several advances in the delivery of drugs through the buccal mucosa over the last 5 years, which have resulted in a number of new buccal delivery products appearing on the market.

Areas Covered: This review discusses the most recent developments in the area of buccal and sublingual drug delivery, with a focus on marketed drugs. Likely future directions are also considered and reported.

Acceptability and compliance of atenolol tablet, compounded paste and compounded suspension prescribed to healthy cats*.

This study was designed to evaluate the cats' acceptance and compliance of the owners and cats towards an extemporaneously prepared palatable compounded atenolol (paste and suspension) formulation in comparison to the commercially obtained tablet, in a randomised, cross-over study design.The three formulations were prescribed twice daily for 6 days to 13 healthy privately-owned cats of 13 different owners, with varying levels of experience in medicating cats. Daily compliance was evaluated via an owner-completed diary, completed after each dose administered.

The application of co-melt-extruded poly(ε-caprolactone) as a controlled release drug delivery device when combined with novel bioactive drug candidates: Membrane permeation and Hanson dissolution studies.

Eight bioactive drug compounds (abamectin, amoxicillin, dexamethasone, dexamethasone valerate, ketoprofen, melatonin, oestradiol 17β, and oestradiol benzoate) were combined via melt extrusion and disc pressing processes with a polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix and were then evaluated and compared via membrane diffusion and Hanson dissolution studies. This investigation was to determine the potential of this matrix to act as a controlled release drug delivery vehicle for a number of drugs not previously combined with PCL in a melt extrusion mix. The inclusion of the progesterone/PCL system, for which the drug release behaviour has been well studied before was intended for comparison with the PCL systems incorporating drugs that have received little research attention in the past.

Breakout session summary from AAPS/CRS joint workshop on critical variables in the in vitro and in vivo performance of parenteral sustained release products.

Parenteral drug delivery systems can be designed to provide the flexible delivery characteristics needed in an evolving therapeutic landscape. The goal of some parenteral formulations is to maintain effective drug concentrations over a period of months or years, thereby enhancing patient compliance. When functioning as intended, these formulations can be used to minimize undesirable effects that may occur in response to the fluctuating drug concentrations effected by immediate release products.

Current status and the future of buccal drug delivery systems.

Background: The delivery of drugs through the buccal mucosa has received a great deal of attention over the last two decades, and yet there are not many buccal delivery products available on the market.

Objective: This review outlines the advantages and disadvantages of buccal drug delivery, provides a historical perspective and discusses representative developmental and marketed drugs.

Methods: The structure of the oral mucosa is briefly described to preface a description of the pathways for drug absorption and a critical discussion of permeation experiments.

Control, communication and monitoring of intravaginal drug delivery in dairy cows.

We present the design of an electronically controlled drug delivery system. The intravaginally located device is a low-invasive platform that can measure and react inside the cow vagina while providing external control and monitoring ability. The electronics manufactured from off the shelf components occupies 16 mL of a Theratron syringe.

Linking human and veterinary health: trends, directions and initiatives.

The objective of this brief article is to provide an overview of some of the important harmonization efforts that are currently under way within the animal health community. Topics include: scientific networks and interdisciplinary communication; organizations that address animal-related public health concerns; the role of the veterinary pharmaceutical scientist within human health-oriented professional organizations; recent publications pertaining to veterinary pharmacology, pharmaceutics and therapeutics; and the role of global networking in veterinary product research and development.

Modified release drug delivery in veterinary medicine.

To successfully research and develop an animal pharmaceutical dosage form, a diverse array of issues covering basic medicine, pharmacology and technology must be addressed. Societal concerns regarding animal and public health, as well as the rapidly changing farming and economic environments, provide additional challenges that require integration into an already complex web of issues. Here, we examine the drive towards reducing the frequency of administration to animals and the closing of gaps between the human and veterinary drug product development.

Reengineering of a commercially available bovine intravaginal insert (CIDR insert) containing progesterone.

The purpose of this study was to reengineer a commercially available intravaginal insert containing 1.9 g progesterone (CIDR intravaginal insert) for a 7-day insertion period in cattle. The reengineering process resulted in a reduced initial drug load (1.

Development of an injection molded poly(epsilon-caprolactone) intravaginal insert for the delivery of progesterone to cattle.

This paper reports experiments conducted to research, develop and clinically evaluate an injection molded intravaginal insert manufactured from the biodegradable polyester poly(epsilon-caprolactone). The study demonstrated that it is possible to engineer poly(epsilon-caprolactone) into a shape that is well retained, and can be used as a platform for the controlled delivery of progesterone via the vagina of cows. Field evaluation showed that the poly(epsilon-caprolactone) intravaginal inserts containing 10% (w/w) progesterone were at least as effective clinically as the commercially available CIDR intravaginal insert.