Seasonal overturn and stratification changes drive deep-water warming in one of Earth's largest lakes.

Most of Earth's fresh surface water is consolidated in just a few of its largest lakes, and because of their unique response to environmental conditions, lakes have been identified as climate change sentinels. While the response of lake surface water temperatures to climate change is well documented from satellite and summer in situ measurements, our understanding of how water temperatures in large lakes are responding at depth is limited, as few large lakes have detailed long-term subsurface observations. We present an analysis of three decades of high frequency (3-hourly and hourly) subsurface water temperature data from Lake Michigan.

Parenting and Salience Network Connectivity Among African Americans: A Protective Pathway for Health-Risk Behaviors.

Background: Supportive parenting during childhood has been associated with many positive developmental outcomes for offspring in adulthood, including fewer health-risk behaviors. Little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying these associations.

Methods: The present study followed rural African Americans (n = 91, 52% female) from late childhood (11-13 years of age) to emerging adulthood (25 years of age).

Development of Risky Decision Making: Fuzzy-Trace Theory and Neurobiological Perspectives.

Developmental differences in mental representations of choices, reward sensitivity, and behavioral inhibition (self-control) explain greater susceptibility to risk taking. Ironically, relying on precise representations in reasoning promotes greater risk taking, but this reliance declines as adolescents mature. This phenomenon is known as a it is called a reversal because it violates traditional developmental expectations of greater cognitive complexity with maturation.

Hypersensitivity reactions to oxaliplatin and the application of a desensitization protocol.

Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin; Sanofi-Synthelabo Inc.; New York, NY) is a third-generation platinum agent indicated for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Severe hypersensitivity reactions to oxaliplatin rarely occur; however, they do represent a threat to the small number of patients that are occasionally affected.

Coronary artery bypass grafting and aortic valve replacement with cold cardioplegia in a patient with cold-induced urticaria.

Background: Cold-induced urticaria is an uncommon but well described phenomenon in which a spectrum of responses may result from exposure to a cold stimulus. Patients with cold-induced urticaria who require cold cardiopulmonary bypass are at risk for hypotensive episodes.

Objective: To describe the case of a 69-year-old man with documented cold-induced urticaria who required aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass surgery.

Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial mass occur independent of the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 during CD95-mediated apoptosis in peripheral blood T cells.

Although death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis are connected through Bid cleavage, such activation of mitochondrial pathway by death receptor signaling is observed in type II cells and not in type I cells (peripheral blood T cells). Furthermore, activation of mitochondria via Bid is associated with release of cytochrome c and caspase-9 activation. In this study we demonstrate that anti-CD95-induced apoptosis in T cells is associated with both depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta(psi)m) and increase in mitochondrial mass and activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 but without caspase-9 activation.