An anthropometric analysis to derive formulae for calculating the dimensions of anatomically shaped humeral heads.

Background: The elliptical shape of the humeral head has been vaguely described, but a more detailed mathematical description is lacking. The primary goal of this study was to create formulae to describe the mathematical relationships between the various dimensions of anatomically shaped humeral heads.

Methods: Three-dimensional computer models of 79 proximal humeri derived from computed tomography scans (white subjects, 47 male and 32 female; ages, 17-87 years) were studied.

Glenohumeral muscle activation during provocative tests designed to diagnose superior labrum anterior-posterior lesions.

Background: Despite considerable medical advances, arthroscopy remains the only definitive means of superior labrum anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesion diagnosis. Natural shoulder anatomic variants limit the reliability of radiographic findings and clinical evaluations are not consistent. Accurate clinical diagnostic techniques would be advantageous because of the invasiveness, patient risk, and financial cost associated with arthroscopy.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in skeletally immature knees: an anatomical study.

The purpose of this study was to anatomically evaluate anterior cruciate ligament (AL) reconstruction ate anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction techniques in skeletally immature knees. Four cadav-techniques in skeletally immature knees. Four cadaveric knees from 2 skeletally immature children were used.