Covalent Stabilization of the Iridium-Containing Oxyhydrides SrMnIrOH and SrMnIrOH.

Reaction between SrMnIrO and CaH or LiH yields the iridium-containing oxyhydride phases SrMnIrOH or SrMnIrOH, respectively. Analysis of Mn K-edge XANES data indicate the presence of Ir centers in these oxyhydride phases, whose low-spin d configuration is consistent with the "covalent stabilization" of the metastable oxyhydride phases, as seen previously in analogous ruthenium and rhodium containing materials. Neutron powder diffraction data indicate the hydride ions are located exclusively within the "equatorial" anion sites of SrMnIrOH.

Competition between Anion-Deficient Oxide and Oxyhydride Phases during the Topochemical Reduction of LaSrCoRuO.

Binary metal hydrides can act as low-temperature reducing agents for complex oxides in the solid state, facilitating the synthesis of anion-deficient oxide or oxyhydride phases. The reaction of LaSrCoRuO, with CaH in a sealed tube yields the face-centered cubic phase LaSrCoRuOH. The reaction with LiH under similar conditions converts LaSrCoRuO to a mixture of tetragonal LaSrCoRuOH and cubic LaSrCoRuOH.

CCR2-dependent CX3CR1+ colonic macrophages promote dissemination.

Enterococci are common commensal bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of most mammals, including humans. Importantly, these bacteria are one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. This study examined the role of colonic macrophages in facilitating infections in mice.

Influence of Cation Substitution on Cycling Stability and Fe-Cation Migration in LiFeMTeO (M = Al, In) Cathode Materials.

LiFeTeO adopts a crystal structure, described in space group , related to that of LiSbO, in which Te, Fe, and Li cations reside in a partially ordered configuration within an hcp array of oxide ions. Chemical or electrochemical insertion of lithium is accompanied by a fully reversible migration of some of the Fe cations with an initial capacity of 120 mA h g (2.85 Li per formula unit).

Disproportionation of Co in the Topochemically Reduced Oxide LaSrCoRuO.

Complex transition-metal oxides exhibit a wide variety of chemical and physical properties which are a strong function the local electronic states of the transition-metal centres, as determined by a combination of metal oxidation state and local coordination environment. Topochemical reduction of the double perovskite oxide, LaSrCoRuO , using Zr, yields LaSrCoRuO . This reduced phase contains an ordered array of apex-linked square-based pyramidal Ru O , square-planar Co O and octahedral Co O units, consistent with the coordination-geometry driven disproportionation of Co .

Interleukin-9 production by type 2 innate lymphoid cells induces Paneth cell metaplasia and small intestinal remodeling.

Paneth cell metaplasia (PCM) typically arises in pre-existing gastrointestinal (GI) diseases; however, the mechanistic pathway that induces metaplasia and whether PCM is initiated exclusively by disorders intrinsic to the GI tract is not well known. Here, we describe the development of PCM in a murine model of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) that is driven by an inducible bcr-abl oncogene. Mechanistically, CML induces a proinflammatory state within the GI tract that results in the production of epithelial-derived IL-33.

CaMnOX (X = Cl, Br) Oxyhalides with 1-Dimensional Ferromagnetic Chains of Square-Planar S = 2 Mn.

Mixed anion oxyhalides with the formula CaMnOX (X = Cl, Br) are synthesized using solid-state reaction methods. These two materials crystallize in a novel structure type due to the small ionic radius of Ca and the strong Jahn-Teller effect of Mn. The resulting structure (space group ) contains one-dimensional chains of MnO square planes, with an angle of ∼120° between neighboring planes.

MnCaTaO-A Magnetically Ordered Polar Phase Prepared via Cation Exchange.

Reaction between the pseudo-Ruddlesden-Popper phase LiCaTaO and MnCl at 375 °C yields MnCaTaO, a paramagnetic polar phase (space group 2), which adopts an / distorted, layered perovskite structure. Magnetization and neutron diffraction data show that MnCaTaO adopts an antiferromagnetically ordered state below = 56 K and exhibits large lattice parameter anomalies and a transient increase in its polar distortion mode at = 50 K. However, in contrast to the related phase MnSrTaO, MnCaTaO shows no strong signature of weak ferromagnetism and thus shows no signs of magnetoelectric coupling.

Fluorochemicals from fluorspar via a phosphate-enabled mechanochemical process that bypasses HF.

All fluorochemicals-including elemental fluorine and nucleophilic, electrophilic, and radical fluorinating reagents-are prepared from hydrogen fluoride (HF). This highly toxic and corrosive gas is produced by the reaction of acid-grade fluorspar (>97% CaF) with sulfuric acid under harsh conditions. The use of fluorspar to produce fluorochemicals via a process that bypasses HF is highly desirable but remains an unsolved problem because of the prohibitive insolubility of CaF.

Tuft cells mediate commensal remodeling of the small intestinal antimicrobial landscape.

Succinate produced by the commensal protist () stimulates chemosensory tuft cells, resulting in intestinal type 2 immunity. Tuft cells express the succinate receptor SUCNR1, yet this receptor does not mediate antihelminth immunity nor alter protist colonization. Here, we report that microbial-derived succinate increases Paneth cell numbers and profoundly alters the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) landscape in the small intestine.

Gut microbiota and metabolites drive chronic sickle cell disease pain.

Pain is a debilitating symptom and leading reason for hospitalization of individuals with sickle cell disease. Chronic sickle cell pain is poorly managed because the biological basis is not fully understood. Using transgenic sickle cell mice and fecal material transplant, we determined that the gut microbiome drives persistent sickle cell pain.

Anxiety-related behaviors without observation of generalized pain in a mouse model of endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a chronic, hormone-dependent, inflammatory disease, characterized by the presence and growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. It is associated with moderate to severe pelvic and abdominal pain symptoms, subfertility and a marked reduction in health-related quality of life. Furthermore, relevant co-morbidities with affective disorders like depression or anxiety have been described.

Complex Magnetic Order in Topochemically Reduced Rh(I)/Rh(III) LaMRhO (M = Co, Ni) Phases.

Topochemical reduction of the cation-disordered perovskite oxides LaCoRhO and LaNiRhO with Zr yields the partially anion-vacancy ordered phases LaCoRhO and LaNiRhO, respectively. Neutron diffraction and Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) measurements reveal that the anion-deficient phases contain Co/Ni and a 1:1 mixture of Rh and Rh cations within a disordered array of apex-linked MO square-planar and MO square-based pyramidal coordination sites. Neutron diffraction data indicate that LaCoRhO adopts a complex antiferromagnetic ground state, which is the sum of a C-type ordering (mM) of the -components of the Co spins and a G-type ordering (mΓ) of the -components of the Co spins.

A phase 2 trial of a topical antiseptic bundle in head and neck cancer surgery: Effects on surgical site infection and the oral microbiome.

Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) surgery remains an important component of management but is associated with a high rate of surgical site infection (SSI). We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of a topical mucosal antiseptic bundle in preventing SSI and evaluate microbial predictors of infection through a genomic sequencing approach.

Methods: This study was an open-label, single-arm, single-center, phase 2 trial of a topical mucosal antiseptic bundle in patients with HNC undergoing aerodigestive tract resection and reconstruction.

The crystal and defect structures of polar KBiNbO.

KBiNbO was prepared from RbBiNbO by a sequence of cation exchange reactions which first convert RbBiNbO to LiBiNbO, before KBiNbO is formed by a further K-for-Li cation exchange. A combination of neutron, synchrotron X-ray and electron diffraction data reveal that KBiNbO adopts a polar, layered, perovskite structure (space group 11) in which the BiNbO layers are stacked in a (0, ½, ) arrangement, with the K cations located in half of the available 10-coordinate interlayer cation sites. The inversion symmetry of the phase is broken by a large displacement of the Bi cations parallel to the -axis.

The influence of the 6s configuration of Bi on the structures of A'BiNbO (A' = Rb, Na, Li) layered perovskite oxides.

Solid state compounds which exhibit non-centrosymmetric crystal structures are of great interest due to the physical properties they can exhibit. The 'hybrid improper' mechanism - in which two non-polar distortion modes couple to, and stabilize, a further polar distortion mode, yielding an acentric crystal structure - offers opportunities to prepare a range of novel non-centrosymmetric solids, but examples of compounds exhibiting acentric crystal structures stabilized by this mechanism are still relatively rare. Here we describe a series of bismuth-containing layered perovskite oxide phases, RbBiNbO, LiBiNbO and NaBiNbO, which have structural frameworks compatible with hybrid-improper ferroelectricity, but also contain Bi cations which are often observed to stabilize acentric crystal structures due to their 6s electronic configurations.

Hole and Electron Doping of Topochemically Reduced Ni(I)/Ru(II) Insulating Ferromagnetic Oxides.

LaSrNiRuO, LaSrNiRuO, and LaSrNiRuO are, respectively, the = ∞, 1, and 2 members of the (LaSr)Sr(NiRu)O compositional series. Reaction with CaH, in the case of the LaSrNiRuO perovskite phases, or Zr oxygen getters in the case of the LaSrNiRuO and LaSrNiRuO Ruddlesden-Popper phases, yields the corresponding topochemically reduced (LaSr)Sr(NiRu)O compounds (LaSrNiRuO, LaSrNiRuO, and LaSrNiRuO), which contain Ni and Ru cations in square-planar coordination sites. The = 1 members of each series (LaSrNiRuO, LaSrNiRuO, and LaSrNiRuO) exhibit insulating ferromagnetic behavior at low temperature, attributable to exchange couplings between the Ni and Ru centers they contain.

Directed synthesis of a hybrid improper magnetoelectric multiferroic material.

Preparing materials which simultaneously exhibit spontaneous magnetic and electrical polarisations is challenging as the electronic features which are typically used to stabilise each of these two polarisations in materials are contradictory. Here we show that by performing low-temperature cation-exchange reactions on a hybrid improper ferroelectric material, LiSrTaO, which adopts a polar structure due to a cooperative tilting of its constituent TaO octahedra rather than an electronically driven atom displacement, a paramagnetic polar phase, MnSrTaO, can be prepared. On cooling below 43 K the Mn centres in MnSrTaO adopt a canted antiferromagnetic state, with a small spontaneous magnetic moment.

Lipotoxicity reduces DDX58/Rig-1 expression and activity leading to impaired autophagy and cell death.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease globally. NAFLD is a consequence of fat accumulation in the liver leading to lipotoxicity. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the critical role of autophagy in NAFLD.

Regulation of Opioid Receptors by Their Endogenous Opioid Peptides.

Activation of μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors by endogenous opioid peptides leads to the regulation of many emotional and physiological responses. The three major endogenous opioid peptides, β-endorphin, enkephalins, and dynorphins result from the processing of three main precursors: proopiomelanocortin, proenkephalin, and prodynorphin. Using a knockout approach, we sought to determine whether the absence of endogenous opioid peptides would affect the expression or activity of opioid receptors in mice lacking either proenkephalin, β-endorphin, or both.

LaSrCoRhO and LaSrNiRhO:Topochemically Reduced, Mixed Valence Rh(I)/Rh(III) Oxides.

Topochemical reduction of the = 1 Ruddlesden-Popper phases LaSrCoRhO and LaSrNiRhO with Zr yields LaSrCoRhO and LaSrNiRhO, respectively. Magnetization and XPS data reveal that while the rhodium centers in LaSrCoRhO and LaSrNiRhO have an average oxidation state of Rh, these are actually mixed valence Rh(I,III) compounds, with the disproportionation of Rh driven by the favorability of locating d Rh and d Rh cations within square-planar and square-based pyramidal coordination sites, respectively.

Structure and magnetism of the Rh-containing perovskite oxides LaSrMnRhO and LaSrFeRhO.

Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data indicate that La0.5Sr0.5Mn0.

Human Insulin Growth Factor 2 mRNA Binding Protein 2 Increases MicroRNA 33a/b Inhibition of Liver Expression and Alters Low-Density Apolipoprotein Levels in Mice.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have linked single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Mice overexpressing have elevated cholesterol levels when fed a diet that induces hepatic steatosis. These and other studies suggest an important role for insulin growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) in the initiation and progression of several metabolic disorders.

Evidence of Paracrystalline Cation Order in the Ruddlesden-Popper Phase LaSrNiRuO through Neutron Total Scattering Techniques.

Cation ordering in perovskite-derived phases can lead to a wealth of tunable physical properties. Ordering is typically driven by a large difference between the cation size and charge, but many Ruddlesden-Popper phases ABO appear to lack such B-site ordering, even when these differences are present. One such example is the "double" Ruddlesden-Popper = 1 composition LaSrNiRuO.