Youth Gun Violence.

Gun violence is a rapidly growing concern for youth. As rates of death by firearm rise, so does exposure to firearm violence and high levels of accompanying morbidity. Although gun violence cannot be attributed to any one cause, it is important pediatric health care providers understand the prevalence of this issue.

Community Health Workers in Schools: A Systematic Review.

Background: Community health workers (CHWs) are trusted community members who provide health education and care. However, no consensus exists regarding whether community health worker-based interventions are effective within the school setting.

Objective: To determine outcomes and best practices of school-based community health worker interventions.

Reopening K-12 Schools in the Era of Coronavirus Disease 2019: Review of State-Level Guidance Addressing Equity Concerns.

Objective: To determine how state guidance documents address equity concerns in K-12 schools during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

Study Design: Using online searches, we collected state-level documents from all 50 states and the District of Columbia discussing reopening plans for K-12 schools in the 2020-2021 academic year. We examined whether these documents explicitly mentioned equity as a concern, as well as if and how they addressed the following equity issues: food insecurity and child nutrition, homelessness or temporary housing, lack of access to Internet/technology, students with disabilities or special needs, English-language learners, students involved with or on the verge of involvement with the Department of Children and Family Services or an equivalent agency, mental health support, students/staff at greater risk of severe illness from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and students/staff living with someone at greater risk of severe illness from SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Opioid Prescribing Patterns for Low Back Pain Among Commercially Insured Children.

: Level of Evidence: 3.

Prescription opioid medication misuse among university students.

Background And Objectives: Prescription opioid misuse is an established problem in the United States. Less information is known regarding the clinical and cognitive characteristics of prescription opioid misusers, specifically in a college age population. This study sought to characterize individuals who misuse prescription opioids and the differences between current, past and non-misusers.

Age at first sexual activity: Clinical and cognitive associations.

Background: Engagement in sexual activity is common among adolescents and can be considered part of adolescent development, but it carries potential life-changing consequences.

Methods: This study examined if clinical and cognitive differences existed between adolescents who engaged in voluntary sexual behavior before age 15, between ages 15 to 18, and after age 18. All participants were part of a larger study examining impulsive behavior in young adults.

Neuroanatomical Correlates of Impulsive Action in Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder.

Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder (SPD) has similarities to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and is included within the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRD) diagnostic class in DSM-5. Separate neuroimaging and neurocognitive studies suggest that people affected by SPD find it difficult to inhibit dominant motor responses due to a failure of "top-down" control mechanisms. No study has examined the neural correlates of SPD in participants with varying degrees of impulsive motor behavior.

Differences in the cognitive profile of depression between racial groups.

Background: There is little research concerning whether race is associated with different clinical presentations of psychiatric disorders. Understanding the racial aspects of cognitive differences among depressed adults could help identify specific targets for depression treatment.

Methods: We recruited 59 participants (52.

An Analysis of Treatment-Seeking Behavior in Individuals with Gambling Disorder.

Gambling disorder affects approximately 1.1-3.5% of the population, with the rates being higher in young adults.

A structural MRI study of excoriation (skin-picking) disorder and its relationship to clinical severity.

Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder (SPD) shares symptomology with other obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Few studies, however, have examined the neurological profile of patients with SPD. This study examined differences in cortical thickness and basal ganglia structural volumes between 20 individuals with SPD and 16 healthy controls using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Cortical thickness abnormalities in trichotillomania: international multi-site analysis.

Trichotillomania is a prevalent but often hidden psychiatric condition, characterized by repetitive hair pulling. The aim of this study was to confirm or refute structural brain abnormalities in trichotillomania by pooling all available global data. De-identified MRI scans were pooled by contacting authors of previous studies.

Sub-clinical Alcohol Consumption and Gambling Disorder.

While it is well established that gambling disorder is associated with alcohol use disorder, less is known regarding whether sub-clinical alcohol consumption increases gambling behavior. This study examined the effects of varying levels of alcohol consumption on clinical and cognitive measures. The sample consisted of 572 non-treatment seeking gamblers age 18-29 who were divided into three groups: non-current drinkers, current drinkers who did not qualify for an alcohol use disorder, and those with an alcohol use disorder (AUD).

A Comparative Study of Obsessionality in Medical Students, Law Students, and Controls.

Understanding obsessive-compulsive behavior in medical students and law students is necessary for administrators and educators to properly work with students struggling with obsessionality. We aim to compare the differences in obsessive symptoms between medical students, law students and a control population. A total of 100 third-year medical students, 102 third-year law students and 103 control subjects drawn from the general population completed the Leyton Obsessional Inventory (LOI).

HIF-1α Mediates Isoflurane-Induced Vascular Protection in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Objective: Outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) depends critically on delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) - a process driven primarily by vascular events including cerebral vasospasm, microvessel thrombosis, and microvascular dysfunction. This study sought to determine the impact of postconditioning - the phenomenon whereby endogenous protection against severe injury is enhanced by subsequent exposure to a mild stressor - on SAH-induced DCI.

Methods: Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to sham, SAH, or SAH plus isoflurane postconditioning.

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase mediates endogenous protection against subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced cerebral vasospasm.

Background And Purpose: Vasospasm-induced delayed cerebral ischemia remains a major source of morbidity in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We hypothesized that activating innate neurovascular protective mechanisms by preconditioning (PC) may represent a novel therapeutic approach against SAH-induced vasospasm and neurological deficits and, secondarily, that the neurovascular protection it provides is mediated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS).

Methods: Wild-type mice were subjected to hypoxic PC or normoxia followed 24 hours later by SAH.