Grape seed extract given three hours after injury suppresses lipid peroxidation and reduces hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats.

We have reported that pretreatment with grape seed extract (GSE), a potent antioxidant, is neuroprotective. This study examined whether treatment after injury with GSE is protective. Seven-day-old rat pups had the right carotid artery ligated, and then 2.

Assay of trace D-amino acids in neural tissue samples by capillary liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

A sensitive chiral capillary HPLC-MS/MS method well suited for the determination of amino acid enantiomers in biological samples was developed. The method involved precolumn derivatization of the sample with 7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD-F). After derivatization, NBD-amino acids were stacked on a C18 reversed-phase extraction microcolumn, thus enriching and cleaning up the analytes.

N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl-chloromethyl ketone reduces ceramide during hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in newborn rat.

N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl-chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) suppresses apoptosis and protects neurons from damage in animal models. TPCK is thought to act by inhibiting ceramide production by sphingomyelinase. Ceramide is a proapoptotic intracellular signal that is involved in the cerebral ischemia.

Nicotinamide reduces hypoxic ischemic brain injury in the newborn rat.

Nicotinamide reduces ischemic brain injury in adult rats. Can similar brain protection be seen in newborn animals? Seven-day-old rat pups had the right carotid artery permanently ligated followed by 2.5 h of 8% oxygen.

1-Benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline passes through the blood-brain barrier of rat brain: an in vivo microdialysis study.

Previous work has established that 1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1-BnTIQ) causes a parkinsonian syndrome in rats. The present study reports the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of 1-BnTIQ in freely moving rats with the aid of in vivo microdialysis-based measurements. The microdialysis probe was implanted in the frontal cortex of rat brain.

Agmatine reduces extracellular glutamate during pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rat brain: a potential mechanism for the anticonvulsive effects.

Glutamate has been implicated in the initiation and spread of seizure activity. Agmatine, an endogenous neuromodulator, is an antagonist of NMDA receptors and has anticonvulsive effects. Whether agmatine regulate glutamate release, as measured by in vivo microdialysis, is not known.

Grape seed extract suppresses lipid peroxidation and reduces hypoxic ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats.

Oxygen radicals play a crucial role in brain injury. Grape seed extract is a potent anti-oxidant. Does grape seed extract reduce brain injury in the rat pup? Seven-day-old rat pups had the right carotid arteries permanently ligated followed by 2.

Apoptosis and necrosis in developing cerebellum and brainstem induced after focal cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury.

Focal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia due to isolated vascular insufficiency is well known to cause ipsilateral, but not contralateral, cerebral apoptosis. Hypoxic-ischemic damage to the cerebellum and brainstem in such a model has not been established. This experimental rodent study demonstrates, through deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate-digoxigenin nick end labeling analysis, that neuronal cells in these infratentorial regions also suffer mild apoptosis and necrosis after focal cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury in the newborn rat.

Estrogen attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats.

Estrogen is neuroprotective in adult animals. We wished to determine if estrogen protects against brain injury in the newborn. Four-day-old rat pups were treated with subcutaneously implanted pellets containing 0.

Effect of agmatine on the time course of brain inflammatory cytokines after injury in rat pups.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in brain injury. Agmatine reduces brain injury. Does agmatine act by reducing cytokines? Seven-day-old rat pups had the right carotid artery ligated and then were subjected to 2.

Treatment with tamoxifen reduces hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats.

Tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor modulator, is neuroprotective in adult rats. Does tamoxifen reduce brain injury in the rat pup? Seven-day-old rat pups had the right carotid artery permanently ligated followed by 2.5 h of hypoxia (8% oxygen).

Inhibiting caspase-8 after injury reduces hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in the newborn rat.

A broad spectrum caspase inhibitor reduces brain injury. Will a caspase-8 inhibitor provide protection? Seven-day-old rat pups had the right carotid artery ligated, then were subjected to 2.5 h of 8% oxygen.

Treatment of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in newborn rats with TPCK 3 h after hypoxia decreases caspase-9 activation and improves neuropathologic outcome.

N-Tosyl-L-phenylalanyl-chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) reduces apoptosis in vitro. Pretreatment with TPCK reduces brain injury. Would treatment after injury reduce damage? Seven-day-old rats had the right carotid artery ligated and were subjected to 2.

Inhibiting caspase-9 after injury reduces hypoxic ischemic neuronal injury in the cortex in the newborn rat.

A broad spectrum caspase inhibitor reduces hypoxic ischemic brain injury. We hypothesized that a specific caspase-9 inhibitor would provide similar protection. Seven-day-old rat pups had the right carotid artery ligated, then were subjected to 2.

Oxypurinol administration fails to prevent hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats.

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether oxypurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, reduces free radicals and brain injury in the rat pup hypoxic-ischemia (HI) model. Seven-day-old rat pups had right carotid arteries ligated followed by 2.5h of hypoxia (8% oxygen).

Drug-induced hypothermia begun 5 minutes after injury with a poly(adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitor reduces hypoxic brain injury in rat pups.

Objective: Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have shown promise in hypoxic ischemic brain damage. We wished to see if GPI-6150 (1,11b-dihydro-[2H]benzopyrano[4,3,2-de]isoquinolin-3-one), a specific PARP inhibitor, would reduce brain injury in a newborn animal model.

Design: Randomized controlled trial.

N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl-chloromethyl ketone eliminates the increase in caspase-3 and bcl-2 caused by brain injury in the newborn rat.

N-Tosyl-L-phenylalanyl-chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) is neuroprotective in rat pups. We measured bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 to determine the mechanisms. Seven-day-old rats had the right carotid artery ligated and were subjected to 2.

Agmatine suppresses nitric oxide production and attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats.

Nitric oxide and excitatory amino acids contribute to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Agmatine, an endogenous neurotransmitter or neuromodulator, is an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Does agmatine reduce brain injury in the rat pup hypoxic-ischemic model? Seven-day old rat pups had right carotid arteries ligated followed by 2.