Spleen stiffness in a healthy pediatric population undergoing liver magnetic resonance elastography.

Background: Splenic stiffness is a potential imaging marker of portal hypertension. Normative spleen stiffness values are needed to define diagnostic thresholds.

Objective: To report stiffness measurements of the spleen in healthy children undergoing liver magnetic resonance (MR) elastography across MRI vendors and field strengths.

Whole-Body MRI in Children: Concepts and Controversies- Expert Panel Narrative Review.

The use of whole-body MRI (WBMRI) in children, from infancy to adolescence, has expanded rapidly over the past decade, with increasing uptake and a broadening range of clinical indications. Current indications include screening for presymptomatic lesions in cancer predisposition syndromes; tumor staging in known malignancies; investigating fevers of unknown origin; as well as diagnosing and monitoring rheumatologic diseases, vascular anomalies and neuromuscular disorders. This AJR Expert Panel Narrative Review aims to offer a comprehensive discussion of WBMRI in pediatric patients, exploring protocols and other technical considerations, clinical indications, implementation challenges and troubleshooting, as well as controversies in widespread adoption, while considering emerging trends and directions.

Practical strategies to improve MRI operations and workflow in pediatric radiology.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential tool in pediatric imaging. It offers detailed, high-contrast images without ionizing radiation, making it particularly suitable for children. Creating an efficient MRI service is challenging given the balancing priorities of image quality and scan time and the overlying logistical challenges, including MRI safety protocols, the need for sedation in certain patient populations, and flexibility to accommodate patients at different phases of care.

Sex-specific mechanisms of cerebral microvascular BK dysfunction in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: Cerebrovascular dysfunction occurs in Alzheimer's disease (AD), impairing hemodynamic regulation. Large conductance Ca-activated K channels (BK) regulate cerebrovascular reactivity and are impaired in AD. BK activity depends on intracellular Ca (Ca sparks) and nitro-oxidative post-translational modifications.

Morphologic Urologic Imaging.

Imaging plays an important role in the evaluation of the urologic organs. Radiographs, fluoroscopy, ultrasound, computed tomography, and MRI are all modalities that can be used to answer various clinical questions. In this article we provide an overview of the most common imaging examinations performed using these modalities to assess the urologic structures.

Dual-energy computed tomography: pediatric considerations.

Multidetector computed tomography (CT) has revolutionized medicine and is now a fundamental aspect of modern radiology. Hardware and software advancements have significantly improved CT accessibility, image quality, and acquisition times. While considerable attention has been directed towards the potential risks of ionizing radiation from CT scans in children, recent concerns regarding the possible short- and long-term risks related to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) conducted under general anesthesia have generated fresh interest in novel pediatric CT applications and techniques that allow imaging of awake patients at low radiation doses.

Neonatal Anthropometric Measurements: A Comparison of Neonates With 3-T Fetal MRI Exposure, With 1.5-T Fetal MRI Exposure, and Without In-Utero MRI Exposure.

Fetal MRI is increasingly performed at 3 T. Nonetheless, safety concerns persist regarding potential increased risk of intrauterine growth restriction from in-utero 3-T MRI exposure. The purpose of this study was to compare neonatal anthropometric measurements between neonates who underwent 3-T fetal MRI, neonates who underwent 1.

3 Tesla Fetal MR Imaging Quality and Safety Considerations.

Medical imaging, particularly fetal MR imaging, has undergone a transformative shift with the introduction of 3 Tesla (3T) clinical MR imaging systems. The utilization of higher static magnetic fields in these systems has resulted in remarkable advancements, including superior soft tissue contrast, improved spatial and temporal resolution, and reduced image acquisition time. Despite these notable benefits, safety concerns have emerged, stemming from the elevated static magnetic field strength, amplified acoustic noise, and increased radiofrequency power deposition.

The Role of Imaging for Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Consensus Recommendations From the American College of Gastroenterology and Society of Abdominal Radiology.

Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is the most common GI diagnosis leading to hospitalization within the United States. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of GI bleeding is critical to improving patient outcomes and reducing high healthcare utilization and costs. Radiologic techniques including computed tomography angiography, catheter angiography, computed tomography enterography, magnetic resonance enterography, nuclear medicine red blood cell scan, and technetium-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy (Meckel scan) are frequently used to evaluate patients with GI bleeding and are complementary to GI endoscopy.

Quantitative peritumoral magnetic resonance imaging fingerprinting improves machine learning-based prediction of overall survival in colorectal cancer.

Aim: To investigate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based peritumoral texture features as prognostic indicators of survival in patients with colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM).

Methods: From 2007-2015, forty-eight patients who underwent MRI within 3 months prior to initiating treatment for CRLM were identified. Clinicobiological prognostic variables were obtained from electronic medical records.

A Novel Design-Thinking, Hospital Innovation Core Certificate Curriculum for Radiologists and Trainees: Creation, Implementation, and Multiyear Results.

Rationale And Objectives: Innovation is a crucial skill for physicians and researchers, yet traditional medical education does not provide instruction or experience to cultivate an innovative mindset. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a novel course implemented in an academic radiology department training program over a 5-year period designed to educate future radiologists on the fundamentals of medical innovation.

Materials And Methods: A pre- and post-course survey and examination were administered to residents who participated in the innovation course (MESH Core) from 2018 to 2022.

A survey of non-sedate practices when acquiring pediatric magnetic resonance imaging examinations.

Background: Improving access to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in childhood can be facilitated by making it faster and cheaper and reducing need for sedation or general anesthesia (GA) to mitigate motion. Some children achieve diagnostic quality MRI without GA through the use of non- practices fostering their cooperation and/or alleviating anxiety. Employed before and during MRI, these variably educate, distract, and/or desensitize patients to this environment.

Pediatric Applications of Dual-Energy Computed Tomography.

There is renewed interest in novel pediatric dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) applications that can image awake patients faster and at low radiation doses. DECT enables the simultaneous acquisition of 2 data sets at different energy levels, allowing for better material characterization and unique image reconstructions that enhance image analysis and provide quantitative and qualitative information about tissue composition. Pediatric DECT reduces radiation doses further while accelerating image acquisition and improving motion robustness.

Recommendations for Standardizing MRI-based Evaluation of Perianal Fistulizing Disease Activity in Pediatric Crohn's Disease Clinical Trials.

Background: Perianal fistulas and abscesses occur commonly as complications of pediatric Crohn's disease (CD). A validated imaging assessment tool for quantification of perianal disease severity and activity is needed to evaluate treatment response. We aimed to identify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based measures of perianal fistulizing disease activity and study design features appropriate for pediatric patients.

White Matter Cerebrovascular Reactivity: Effects of Microangiopathy and Proximal Occlusions on the Dynamic BOLD Response.

Introduction: Cerebral microangiopathy often manifests as white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on T2-weighted MR images and is associated with elevated stroke risk. Large vessel steno-occlusive disease (SOD) is also independently associated with stroke risk, however, the interaction of microangiopathy and SOD is not well understood. Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) describes the capacity of cerebral circulation to adapt to changes in perfusion pressure and neurovascular demand, and its impairment portends future infarctions.

Machine Learning Improves the Prediction of Responses to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Metastatic Melanoma.

Pretreatment LDH is a standard prognostic biomarker for advanced melanoma and is associated with response to ICI. We assessed the role of machine learning-based radiomics in predicting responses to ICI and in complementing LDH for prognostication of metastatic melanoma. From 2008-2022, 79 patients with 168 metastatic hepatic lesions were identified.

Sex-specific mechanisms of cerebral microvascular BK dysfunction in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Cerebral microvascular dysfunction and nitro-oxidative stress are present in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may contribute to disease progression and severity. Large conductance Ca -activated K channels (BK ) play an essential role in vasodilatory responses and maintenance of myogenic tone in resistance arteries. BK impairment can lead to microvascular dysfunction and hemodynamic deficits in the brain.