High prevalence of diabetes in a regional Australian hospital highlights the need to prioritise inpatient diabetes care.

Regional centres have smaller workforces in acute diabetes care compared to their metropolitan counterparts. A cross-sectional audit performed at Albury Hospital identified a high prevalence (34%) of diabetes for inpatients compared with metropolitan centres. The high prevalence highlights the need for all healthcare services to consider appropriate resources for the management of diabetes in people admitted to hospital.

Remote Capacitive Sensing in Two-Dimensional Quantum-Dot Arrays.

We investigate gate-induced quantum dots in silicon nanowire field-effect transistors fabricated using a foundry-compatible fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) process. A series of split gates wrapped over the silicon nanowire naturally produces a 2 × bilinear array of quantum dots along a single nanowire. We begin by studying the capacitive coupling of quantum dots within such a 2 × 2 array and then show how such couplings can be extended across two parallel silicon nanowires coupled together by shared, electrically isolated, "floating" electrodes.

How to use… iron studies.

Iron studies are frequently requested in paediatric practice. They are useful both as a diagnostic tool and as a way of monitoring certain conditions, particularly those causing iron overload. This article outlines the physiology of iron metabolism and discusses laboratory aspects of performing iron studies, including factors influencing interpretation.

Habitat risk assessment for regional ocean planning in the U.S. Northeast and Mid-Atlantic.

Coastal habitats provide important benefits to people, including habitat for species targeted by fisheries and opportunities for tourism and recreation. Yet, such human activities also can imperil these habitats and undermine the ecosystem services they provide to people. Cumulative risk assessment provides an analytical framework for synthesizing the influence of multiple stressors across habitats and decision-support for balancing human uses and ecosystem health.

Delayed vs early umbilical cord clamping for preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The effects of delayed cord clamping of the umbilical cord in preterm infants are unclear.

Objective: We sought to compare the effects of delayed vs early cord clamping on hospital mortality (primary outcome) and morbidity in preterm infants using Cochrane Collaboration neonatal review group methodology.

Study Design: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Chinese articles, cross-referencing citations, expert informants, and trial registries to July 31, 2017, for randomized controlled trials of delayed (≥30 seconds) vs early (<30 seconds) clamping in infants born <37 weeks' gestation.

Delayed versus Immediate Cord Clamping in Preterm Infants.

Background: The preferred timing of umbilical-cord clamping in preterm infants is unclear.

Methods: We randomly assigned fetuses from women who were expected to deliver before 30 weeks of gestation to either immediate clamping of the umbilical cord (≤10 seconds after delivery) or delayed clamping (≥60 seconds after delivery). The primary composite outcome was death or major morbidity (defined as severe brain injury on postnatal ultrasonography, severe retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, or late-onset sepsis) by 36 weeks of postmenstrual age.

The Effects of Sub-Regional Climate Velocity on the Distribution and Spatial Extent of Marine Species Assemblages.

Many studies illustrate variable patterns in individual species distribution shifts in response to changing temperature. However, an assemblage, a group of species that shares a common environmental niche, will likely exhibit similar responses to climate changes, and these community-level responses may have significant implications for ecosystem function. Therefore, we examine the relationship between observed shifts of species in assemblages and regional climate velocity (i.

Marine taxa track local climate velocities.

Organisms are expected to adapt or move in response to climate change, but observed distribution shifts span a wide range of directions and rates. Explanations often emphasize biological distinctions among species, but general mechanisms have been elusive. We tested an alternative hypothesis: that differences in climate velocity-the rate and direction that climate shifts across the landscape-can explain observed species shifts.

Predicting climate effects on Pacific sardine.

For many marine species and habitats, climate change and overfishing present a double threat. To manage marine resources effectively, it is necessary to adapt management to changes in the physical environment. Simple relationships between environmental conditions and fish abundance have long been used in both fisheries and fishery management.

Detecting causality in complex ecosystems.

Identifying causal networks is important for effective policy and management recommendations on climate, epidemiology, financial regulation, and much else. We introduce a method, based on nonlinear state space reconstruction, that can distinguish causality from correlation. It extends to nonseparable weakly connected dynamic systems (cases not covered by the current Granger causality paradigm).

An index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocean.

The ocean plays a critical role in supporting human well-being, from providing food, livelihoods and recreational opportunities to regulating the global climate. Sustainable management aimed at maintaining the flow of a broad range of benefits from the ocean requires a comprehensive and quantitative method to measure and monitor the health of coupled human–ocean systems. We created an index comprising ten diverse public goals for a healthy coupled human–ocean system and calculated the index for every coastal country.

Pathways between primary production and fisheries yields of large marine ecosystems.

The shift in marine resource management from a compartmentalized approach of dealing with resources on a species basis to an approach based on management of spatially defined ecosystems requires an accurate accounting of energy flow. The flow of energy from primary production through the food web will ultimately limit upper trophic-level fishery yields. In this work, we examine the relationship between yield and several metrics including net primary production, chlorophyll concentration, particle-export ratio, and the ratio of secondary to primary production.

Role of egg predation by haddock in the decline of an Atlantic herring population.

Theoretical studies suggest that the abrupt and substantial changes in the productivity of some fisheries species may be explained by predation-driven alternate stable states in their population levels. With this hypothesis, an increase in fishing or a natural perturbation can drive a population from an upper to a lower stable-equilibrium population level. After fishing is reduced or the perturbation ended, this low population level can persist due to the regulatory effect of the predator.

Forecasting the dynamics of a coastal fishery species using a coupled climate--population model.

Marine fisheries management strives to maintain sustainable populations while allowing exploitation. However, well-intentioned management plans may not meet this balance as most do not include the effect of climate change. Ocean temperatures are expected to increase through the 21st century, which will have far-reaching and complex impacts on marine fisheries.

Rebuilding global fisheries.

After a long history of overexploitation, increasing efforts to restore marine ecosystems and rebuild fisheries are under way. Here, we analyze current trends from a fisheries and conservation perspective. In 5 of 10 well-studied ecosystems, the average exploitation rate has recently declined and is now at or below the rate predicted to achieve maximum sustainable yield for seven systems.

Periodic versus constant harvesting of discretely reproducing fish populations.

We use a single-species discrete-time model to demonstrate changes that introduction of the strong Allee mechanism and periodic exploitations have on compensatory and overcompensatory stock dynamics through comparison with corresponding models that lack such constraints. Periodic and constant exploitations simplify complex overcompensatory stock dynamics with or without the Allee effect. Both constant and periodic exploitations force a sudden collapse to extinction of fisheries systems that exhibit the Allee mechanism.

Integrated ecosystem assessments: developing the scientific basis for ecosystem-based management of the ocean.

Integrated ecosystem assessments challenge the broader scientific community to move beyond the important task of tallying insults to marine ecosystems to developing quantitative tools that can support the decisions national and regional resource managers must make.

Spatially discrete metapopulation models with directional dispersal.

We use an age-structured discrete-time metapopulation model linking two sub-populations through larval transport and directed movements of adults to study the implications of linkages among subpopulations for the stability and resilience of exploited species. Our two-habitat model, a generalization of Fogarty's inshore-offshore lobster population model, includes isolated habitats under compensatory (monotone) or overcompensatory (oscillatory) dynamics [M.J.