Global methylation profiles in buccal cells of long-term smokers and moist snuff consumers.

Purpose: Alternations in gene methylation and other epigenetic changes regulate normal development as well as drive disease progression. The aim of this study is to investigate global methylation changes in the buccal cells of smokers and smokeless tobacco users.

Materials And Methods: Generally healthy adult male subjects were recruited into smoker (SMK), moist snuff consumer (MSC) and non-tobacco consumer (NTC) cohorts (40 subjects/cohort) (ClinicalTrials.

Study of cardiovascular disease biomarkers among tobacco consumers, part 1: biomarkers of exposure.

A study was conducted to evaluate biomarkers of biological effect and physiological assessments related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) among adult male cigarette smokers (SMK), moist snuff consumers (MSC) and non-consumers of tobacco (NTC). Additionally, biomarkers of tobacco and tobacco smoke exposure (BoE) were measured in spot urines and are reported here. Except for the BoE to nicotine and NNK, BoE were generally greater in SMK compared with MSC, and BoE were generally not different in comparisons of MSC and NTC.

Study of cardiovascular disease biomarkers among tobacco consumers. Part 3: evaluation and comparison with the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) biomarkers of biological effect (BoBE), including hematologic biomarkers, serum lipid-related biomarkers, other serum BoBE, and one physiological biomarker, were evaluated in adult cigarette smokers (SMK), smokeless tobacco consumers (STC), and non-consumers of tobacco (NTC). Data from adult males and females in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and a single site, cross-sectional study of healthy US males were analyzed and compared. Within normal clinical reference ranges, statistically significant differences were observed consistently for fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), hematocrit, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin, hemoglobin, white blood cells, monocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in comparisons between SMK and NTC; for CRP, white blood cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes in comparisons between SMK and STC; and for folate in comparisons with STC and NTC.

Study of cardiovascular disease biomarkers among tobacco consumers, part 2: biomarkers of biological effect.

An age-stratified, cross-sectional study was conducted in the US among healthy adult male cigarette smokers, moist snuff consumers, and non-tobacco consumers to evaluate cardiovascular biomarkers of biological effect (BoBE). Physiological assessments included flow-mediated dilation, ankle-brachial index, carotid intima-media thickness and expired carbon monoxide. Approximately one-half of the measured serum BoBE showed statistically significant differences; IL-12(p70), sICAM-1 and IL-8 were the BoBE that best differentiated among the three groups.

Magnitudes of biomarker reductions in response to controlled reductions in cigarettes smoked per day: a one-week clinical confinement study.

Tobacco toxicant-related exposure reduction is an important tool in harm reduction. Cigarette per day reduction (CPDR) occurs as smokers migrate from smoking cigarettes to using alternative tobacco/nicotine products, or quit smoking. Few reports characterize the dose-response relationships between CPDR and effects on exposure biomarkers, especially at the low end of CPD exposure (e.

Consumption patterns and biomarkers of exposure in cigarette smokers switched to Snus, various dissolvable tobacco products, Dual use, or tobacco abstinence.

The objectives of this clinical study were to evaluate changes in tobacco product use behavior and levels of selected biomarkers of exposure (BOEs) for smokers who switched to one of six conditions during clinical confinement: exclusive use of; Camel Snus, Sticks, Strips or Orbs, controlled Dual use of cigarettes and Camel Snus, or tobacco abstinence. The controlled Dual use (DU) condition mandated a 60% reduction in cigarettes smoked per day (CPD). 167 healthy U.

Comparison of consumption patterns, biomarkers of exposure, and subjective effects in cigarette smokers who switched to dissolvable tobacco (Camel Orbs), dual use, or tobacco abstinence.

Introduction: The objectives of this trial were to investigate short-term changes in product usage, tobacco-related biomarkers of exposure, and subjective effects in smokers who switched to dissolvable tobacco (Camel Orbs) use.

Methods: Participants were randomized into 1 of 4 groups (continued smoking, switched to consuming Orbs, switched to dual use of cigarettes and Orbs, and tobacco abstinent) and confined for 6 days with dietary restrictions. Most measurements were at baseline and days 1, 3, and 5 of intervention.

Evaluation of cytotoxicity of different tobacco product preparations.

Acute exposure to cigarette smoke or its components triggers diverse cellular effects, including cytotoxicity. However, available data regarding the potential cytotoxic effects of smokeless tobacco (ST) extracts lack consensus. Here, we investigated the relative biological effects of 2S3 reference ST, and whether ST elicits differential cellular/molecular responses compared to combustible tobacco product preparations (TPPs) prepared from 3R4F cigarettes.

Cadmium exposure and tobacco consumption: Biomarkers and risk assessment.

To investigate whether cadmium has an independent role in diseases associated with tobacco consumption, epidemiology data were reviewed, biomonitoring data were analyzed, and probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) was performed. Results from previous epidemiology studies have indicated that there are adverse health effects potentially in common between cadmium exposure and tobacco consumption. Analysis of publically available biomonitoring data showed that blood (B-Cd) and urine (U-Cd) cadmium were higher in cigarette smokers compared with smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumers, and B-Cd and U-Cd in SLT consumers were not significantly different than in non-consumers of tobacco.

Arsenic exposure and tobacco consumption: Biomarkers and risk assessment.

Arsenic is measurable in tobacco and cigarette mainstream smoke (MSS). Whether arsenic has an independent role in diseases associated with tobacco consumption is not known. Epidemiology and biomonitoring data and probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) methods were used to investigate this potential association.

Development and validation of a direct LC-MS-MS method to determine the acrolein metabolite 3-HPMA in urine.

A new direct method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed and validated for quantitation of 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (3-HPMA) in urine. The method is fast, simple, and does not require extraction from urine. Analyte was separated on a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column.

Safety assessment of diammonium phosphate and urea used in the manufacture of cigarettes.

A tiered testing strategy has been employed to evaluate the potential for new ingredients, tobacco processes, and technological developments to alter the mainstream smoke or biological activity that results from burning cigarette tobacco. The foundation of this evaluation strategy is comparative testing, typically including chemical and biological assessments. In the manufacture of cigarettes, diammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea have been historically used as ingredients added to tobacco, to reconstituted tobacco sheet, and to other processed tobaccos.

Toxicological evaluation of cigarettes with two banded cigarette paper technologies.

A tiered testing strategy has been employed to evaluate the potential of tobacco processes, ingredients, or technological developments to change the biological activity resulting from burning cigarette tobacco. The strategy is based on comparative chemical and biological testing. The introduction of banded cigarette papers in cigarettes to meet New York state "Fire Safety Standards for Cigarettes" constitutes an example of a technological development evaluated utilizing this tiered testing strategy that included a comparison of the chemical and biological effects of cigarettes with and without the banded cigarette paper technologies (BCPT) (representative of current marketed technologies).

Safety assessment of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as an ingredient added to cigarette tobacco.

A tiered testing strategy has been developed to evaluate the potential for new ingredients, tobacco processes, and technological developments to alter the biological activity that results from burning tobacco. A series of studies was initially conducted with cigarettes containing 3% high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as an alternate tobacco casing material to corn syrup/invert sugar, including determination of selected mainstream cigarette smoke (MS) constituent yields, Ames assay, sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, a 30-week dermal tumor-promotion evaluation of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) in SENCAR mice, and a 13-week subchronic inhalation study of MS in Sprague-Dawley rats. A second series of studies was conducted with cigarettes containing 3%, 4% and 5% HFCS including MS chemistry, Ames assay, SCE assay in CHO cells, and a neutral red cytotoxicity assays.

Toxicological evaluation of expanded shredded tobacco stems.

A tiered testing strategy has been developed to evaluate the potential of tobacco processes, ingredients, or technological developments to change the biological activity resulting from burning tobacco. The strategy is based on comparative chemical and biological testing. Expanded shredded tobacco stems (ESS) constitute an example of a common tobacco components expansion process currently used in the manufacture of cigarettes to increase the tobacco blend filling capacity.

Toxicological evaluation of dry ice expanded tobacco.

A tiered testing strategy has been developed to evaluate the potential of tobacco processes, ingredients, or technological developments to change the biological activity resulting from burning tobacco. The strategy is based on comparative chemical and biological testing. Dry ice expanded tobacco (DIET) is an example of a common tobacco expansion process currently used in the manufacture of cigarettes to increase tobacco filling capacity.

Toxicological evaluation of propane expanded tobacco.

A tiered testing strategy has been developed to evaluate the potential for tobacco processes, ingredients, and other technological developments to increase or decrease the biological activity resulting from burning tobacco. The strategy is based on comparative chemical and biological testing. Propane expanded tobacco is an example of a processed tobacco used in the modern manufacture of cigarettes.

Toxicological evaluation of honey as an ingredient added to cigarette tobacco.

A tiered testing strategy has been developed to evaluate the potential for new ingredients, tobacco processes, and technological developments to increase or reduce the biological activity that results from burning tobacco. In the manufacture of cigarettes, honey is used as a casing ingredient to impart both aroma and taste. The primary objective of this document is to summarize and interpret chemical and toxicological studies that have been conducted to evaluate the potential impact of honey on the biological activity of either mainstream cigarette smoke or cigarette smoke condensate.