Potential CO reduction and cost evaluation in use and transport of coal ash as cement replacement: A case in the Philippines.

Coal ash can potentially be utilized as partial replacement for cement in concrete and mortar formulations. The use of coal ash can lessen the cost and energy production, and reduce the impact on the environment. At present, the annual coal ash generation amounts to ~2.

Application of a low-cost water level circuit for an accurate pulse detection of a tipping-bucket rain gauge as an alternative method for reed switch sensors.

This paper introduces a data acquisition mechanism working on similar functionality to that of conventional tipping-bucket rain gauge (TBRG) but unaffected from magnetic and electromagnetic interferences. Unlike the common reed switch application, the mechanism of this study only uses a two-wire water level sensor for tip detection. Specifically, a different method of detecting the tipping count of the rain gauge through a switching type scheme is introduced without using the conventional magnetic detection concept.