Treatment-refractory vulvodynia from nutcracker syndrome: A case report.

Background: Pelvic venous disorders are often undiagnosed due to the symptom variability and similarity to other disease presentations. 'Pelvic congestion syndrome' is a term often used as a diagnosis of exclusion, since there is currently no standardized diagnostic approach for pelvic venous disorders, which further delays treatment.

Case: A 25-year-old woman with treatment-refractory vulvodynia presented with symptoms that included left-sided vaginal wall pain, pruritis, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, muscle tension, and a chronic vaginal ulceration.

Bow hunter's syndrome in a patient with vertebral artery atresia, an arcuate foramen, and unilateral deafness: a case report.

Bow hunter's syndrome (BHS) is a rare cause of vertebrobasilar insufficiency that occurs when the vertebral artery (VA) is occluded on rotation of the head and neck. This dynamic occlusion of the VA can occur anywhere along its course after it arises from the subclavian artery. Although most cases are associated with compression by osteophytes, cervical spondylosis, or lateral disc herniation, BHS has a highly variable clinical course that depends on the patient's specific anatomy.

Pelvic function in anuran jumping: Interspecific differences in the kinematics and motor control of the iliosacral articulation during take-off and landing.

Although the anuran pelvis is thought to be adapted for jumping, the function of the iliosacral joint has seen little direct study. Previous work has contrasted the basal "lateral-bender" pelvis from the "rod-like" pelvis of crown taxa hypothesized to function as a sagittal hinge to align the trunk with take-off forces. We compared iliosacral movements and pelvic motor patterns during jumping in the two pelvic types.

The evolution of jumping in frogs: morphological evidence for the basal anuran locomotor condition and the radiation of locomotor systems in crown group anurans.

Our understanding of the evolution of frog locomotion follows from the work of Emerson in which anurans are proposed to possess one of three different iliosacral configurations: 1) a lateral-bending system found in walking and hopping frogs; 2) a fore-aft sliding mechanism found in several locomotor modes; and 3) a sagittal-hinge-type pelvis posited to be related to long-distance jumping performance. The most basal living (Ascaphus) and fossil (Prosalirus) frogs are described as sagittal-hinge pelvic types, and it has been proposed that long-distance jumping with a sagittal-hinge pelvis arose early in frog evolution. We revisited osteological traits of the pelvic region to conduct a phylogenetic analysis of the relationships between pelvic systems and locomotor modes in frogs.

Effects of temperature regime through premetamorphic ontogeny on shape of the chondrocranium in the American toad, Anaxyrus americanus.

If one considers the substantial amount of information that exists about phenotypic plasticity in amphibians, it is surprising that few studies have examined abiotic factors that influence phenotype through ontogeny. Phenotypic change and stability of morphology are artifacts of organisms that bear significant relevance to evolution within and among taxonomic groups. Here, we examine development as a phenotypically plastic aspect of larval anurans.