A validation study of 3 grading systems to evaluate small-bowel cleansing for wireless capsule endoscopy: a quantitative index, a qualitative evaluation, and an overall adequacy assessment.

Background: Capsule endoscopy (CE) is a powerful tool for evaluating the small bowel. Assessment of small-bowel cleansing for CE is an essential quality measure.

Objective: Our purpose was to validate 3 new scales that grade small-bowel cleansing for CE.

Beta3 adrenergic stimulation inhibits the opossum lower esophageal sphincter.

Background & Aims: Previous studies have identified adrenergic receptor sites in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) of animals and humans. A beta3 adrenoceptor has been identified and cloned. The binding site for this receptor has been found in the rat LES in vitro.