Grb7, Grb10 and Grb14, encoding the growth factor receptor-bound 7 family of signalling adaptor proteins have overlapping functions in the regulation of fetal growth and post-natal glucose metabolism.

Background: The growth factor receptor bound protein 7 (Grb7) family of signalling adaptor proteins comprises Grb7, Grb10 and Grb14. Each can interact with the insulin receptor and other receptor tyrosine kinases, where Grb10 and Grb14 inhibit insulin receptor activity. In cell culture studies they mediate functions including cell survival, proliferation, and migration.

Heavy Heterodendralenes: Structure and Reactivity of Phosphabora[3]dendralenes.

The incorporation of phosphorus and boron into [3]dendralenes provides access to heavy heterodendralenes, a new class of main-group precursor to "doped" polycyclic hydrocarbons. []Dendralenes are a core class of unsaturated hydrocarbons built from geminally connected polyenes; the resulting arrangement of conjugated C═C bonds enables []dendralenes to undergo reactions that allow rapid access to complex polycyclic compounds. The increasing technological and synthetic importance of main-group-containing polycyclic hydrocarbons and their analogues makes new routes to access such systems highly attractive.

Transition Metal-Free Catalytic C-H Zincation and Alumination.

C-H metalation is the most efficient method to prepare aryl-zinc and -aluminium complexes that are ubiquitous nucleophiles. Virtually all C-H metalation routes to form Al/Zn organometallics require stoichiometric, strong Brønsted bases with no base-catalyzed reactions reported. Herein we present a catalytic in amine/ammonium salt (EtN/[(EtN)H]) C-H metalation process to form aryl-zinc and aryl-aluminium complexes.

Genomic map of candidate human imprint control regions: the imprintome.

Imprinted genes - critical for growth, metabolism, and neuronal function - are expressed from one parental allele. Parent-of-origin-dependent CpG methylation regulates this expression at imprint control regions (ICRs). Since ICRs are established before tissue specification, these methylation marks are similar across cell types.

Epigenetic control of the imprinted growth regulator in cadmium-induced placental dysfunction.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal ubiquitous in the environment. , Cd is inefficiently transported to the foetus but causes foetal growth restriction (FGR), likely through impairment of the placenta where Cd accumulates. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood.

Dapagliflozin partially restores reproductive function in MC4R KO obese female mice.

Obese women often have certain degree of reproductive dysfunction with infertility. Although the clinical impact of obesity on female infertility has been extensively studied, the effective and targeted treatment is still lacking. Melanocortin-4-receptor knock-out (MC4R KO) mouse is an over-eating obese model with hyperphagia, hyperinsulinemia, reduced growth hormone (GH), and insulin resistance.

Reversible Dissociation of a Dialumene*.

Dialumenes are neutral Al compounds with Al=Al multiple bonds. We report the isolation of an amidophosphine-supported dialumene. Our X-ray crystallographic, spectroscopic, and computational DFT analyses reveal a long and extreme trans-bent Al=Al bond with a low dissociation energy and bond order.

The Phospha-Bora-Wittig Reaction.

We report the phospha-bora-Wittig reaction for the direct preparation of phosphaalkenes from aldehydes, ketones, esters, or amides. The transient phosphaborene Mes*P═B-NR reacts with carbonyl compounds to form 1,2,3-phosphaboraoxetanes, analogues of oxaphosphetane intermediates in the classical Wittig reaction. 1,2,3-Phosphaboraoxetanes undergo thermal or Lewis acid-promoted cycloreversion, yielding phosphaalkenes.

Imprinted Gene Expression and Function of the Dopa Decarboxylase Gene in the Developing Heart.

Dopa decarboxylase (DDC) synthesizes serotonin in the developing mouse heart where it is encoded by , a tissue-specific paternally expressed imprinted gene. shares an imprinting control region (ICR) with the imprinted, maternally expressed (outside of the central nervous system) gene on mouse chromosome 11, but little else is known about the tissue-specific imprinted expression of . Fluorescent immunostaining localizes DDC to the developing myocardium in the pre-natal mouse heart, in a region susceptible to abnormal development and implicated in congenital heart defects in human.

Aluminium-Catalyzed C(sp)-H Borylation of Alkynes.

Historically used in stoichiometric hydroalumination chemistry, recent advances have transformed aluminium hydrides into versatile catalysts for the hydroboration of unsaturated multiple bonds. This catalytic ability is founded on the defining reactivity of aluminium hydrides with alkynes and alkenes: 1,2-hydroalumination of the unsaturated π-system. This manuscript reports the aluminium hydride catalyzed dehydroborylation of terminal alkynes.

Time-Restricted Feeding Restored Insulin-Growth Hormone Balance and Improved Substrate and Energy Metabolism in MC4RKO Obese Mice.

Background: Dysregulation of metabolic regulatory hormones often occurs during the progress of obesity. Key regulatory hormone insulin-growth hormone (GH) balance has recently been proposed to maintain metabolism profiles. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is an effective strategy against obesity without detailed research on pulsatile GH releasing patterns.

The melanocortin pathway and energy homeostasis: From discovery to obesity therapy.

Background: Over the past 20 years, insights from human and mouse genetics have illuminated the central role of the brain leptin-melanocortin pathway in controlling mammalian food intake, with genetic disruption resulting in extreme obesity, and more subtle polymorphic variations influencing the population distribution of body weight. At the end of 2020, the U.S.

Stimulation of endogenous pulsatile growth hormone secretion by activation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor reduces the fat accumulation and improves the insulin sensitivity in obese mice.

Obese individuals often show low growth hormone (GH) secretion, which leads to reduced lipid mobilization and further fat accumulation. Pharmacological approaches to increase GH levels in obese individuals by GH injection or GH-releasing hormone receptor agonist showed promising effects on fat reduction. However, side effects on glucose metabolism and the heavy costs on making large peptides hindered their clinical application.

Reversible Reductive Elimination in Aluminum(II) Dihydrides.

Oxidative addition and reductive elimination are defining reactions of transition-metal organometallic chemistry. In main-group chemistry, oxidative addition is now well-established but reductive elimination reactions are not yet general in the same way. Herein, we report dihydrodialanes supported by amidophosphine ligands.

Characterization of the Zwitterionic Intermediate in 1,1-Carboboration of Alkynes.

The reaction of a Lewis acidic borane with an alkyne is a key step in a diverse range of main group transformations. Alkyne 1,1-carboboration, the Wrackmeyer reaction, is an archetypal transformation of this kind. 1,1-Carboboration has been proposed to proceed through a zwitterionic intermediate.

Silyl Anion Initiated Hydroboration of Aldehydes and Ketones.

Hydroboration is an emerging method for mild and selective reduction of carbonyl compounds. Typically, transition-metal or reactive main-group hydride catalysts are used in conjunction with a mild reductant such as pinacolborane. The reactivity of the main-group catalysts is a consequence of the nucleophilicity of their hydride ligands.