Is intramuscular morphine satisfying frontline medical personnels' requirement for battlefield analgesia in Helmand Province, Afghanistan? A questionnaire study.

Background: All deployed British Army personnel carry intramuscular (IM) morphine auto-injectors to treat battlefield casualties. No other nation supplies parenteral opiate analgesia on individual issue. Studies highlight this agent's inefficacy and safety issues, but are limited by a relative lack of inclusion of frontline personnel.