Phylogenetic relationship and virulence composition of O26:H11 cattle and human strain collections in Scotland; 2002-2020.

O26 is the commonest non-O157 Shiga toxin ()-producing serogroup reported in human infections worldwide. Ruminants, particularly cattle, are the primary reservoir source for human infection. In this study, we compared the whole genomes and virulence profiles of O26:H11 strains ( = 99) isolated from Scottish cattle with strains from human infections ( = 96) held by the Scottish O157/STEC Reference Laboratory, isolated between 2002 and 2020.

Comparative Sensitivity and Specificity of the 7SL sRNA Diagnostic Test for Animal Trypanosomiasis.

Animal trypanosomiasis (AT) is a significant livestock disease, affecting millions of animals across Sub-Saharan Africa, Central and South America, and Asia, and is caused by the protozoan parasites , with the largest economic impact in cattle. There is over-reliance on presumptive chemotherapy due to inadequate existing diagnostic tests, highlighting the need for improved AT diagnostics. A small RNA species, the 7SL sRNA, is excreted/secreted by trypanosomes in infected animals, and has been previously shown to reliably diagnose active infection.

Newcastle disease vaccine virus I-2 fails to acquire virulence during repeated passage .

This study determined whether the naturally attenuated, thermotolerant Newcastle disease vaccine virus I-2 could acquire virulence after five passages through SPF chickens. Study design was to international requirements including European Pharmacopoeia, Ph. Eur.

Prevalence of antibodies to Leptospira hardjo in bulk tank milk from unvaccinated dairy herds in the south-west region of Poland.

Bulk tank milk samples were collected from 309 randomly selected dairy cattle herds from the south-western region of Poland in 2010-2011. Samples were tested for antibodies against Leptospira hardjo using DAS-ELISA. Herd level seroprevalence of antibodies against this serovar was low (3.

E. coli O157 on Scottish cattle farms: evidence of local spread and persistence using repeat cross-sectional data.

Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157 is a virulent zoonotic strain of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli.

Efficacy of major anthelmintics against horse cyathostomins in France.

This paper reports a survey conducted in France during 2011 to evaluate the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics against horse cyathostomins. A total of 40 farms and 1089 horses were screened for the presence of cyathostomins. All farms but one were positive, with an overall animal infection rate of 53.

Pathogenic potential to humans of bovine Escherichia coli O26, Scotland.

Escherichia coli O26 and O157 have similar overall prevalences in cattle in Scotland, but in humans, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O26 infections are fewer and clinically less severe than E. coli O157 infections.

Application of the Three Rs to challenge assays used in vaccine testing: tenth report of the BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW Joint Working Group on Refinement.

This report aims to facilitate the implementation of the Three Rs (reduction, refinement and replacement) in the testing of vaccines for regulatory and other purposes. The focus is predominantly on identification of reduction and refinement opportunities in batch potency testing but the principles described are widely applicable to other situations that involve experimental infections of animals. The report should also help to interpret the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia with regard to the use of alternative tests, humane endpoints and other refinements.

Temporal and spatial patterns of bovine Escherichia coli O157 prevalence and comparison of temporal changes in the patterns of phage types associated with bovine shedding and human E. coli O157 cases in Scotland between 1998-2000 and 2002-2004.

Background: Escherichia coli O157 is an important cause of acute diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis and, especially in children, haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). Incidence rates for human E. coli O157 infection in Scotland are higher than most other United Kingdom, European and North American countries.

Short-term endocrine and metabolic reactions before and after second immunization against GnRH in boars.

Immunization of boars against GnRH inhibits synthesis of testicular steroids including androstenone (sex odour). Timing of the second vaccination (anamnestic reaction) should occur as late as possible to maintain anabolic effects of testicular hormones, but early enough to remove androstenone from body fat. Five catheterized boars received the second dose (Improvac) at age 22 weeks.

Risk factors for the presence of high-level shedders of Escherichia coli O157 on Scottish farms.

Escherichia coli O157 infections are the cause of sporadic or epidemic cases of often bloody diarrhea that can progress to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a systematic microvascular syndrome with predominantly renal and neurological complications. HUS is responsible for most deaths associated with E. coli O157 infection.

Antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli O26, O103 and O145 shed by two cohorts of Scottish beef cattle.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the profile of antibiotic resistance among E. coli O26, O103 and O145 in two cohorts of Scottish beef cattle on two farms and to determine whether there is an association between resistant phenotypes and the genotypic PFGE patterns to suggest clonality among resistant strains.

Methods: MICs of 11 antibiotics for 297 E.

Herd-level risk factors associated with the presence of Phage type 21/28 E. coli O157 on Scottish cattle farms.

Background: E. coli O157 is a bacterial pathogen that is shed by cattle and can cause severe disease in humans. Phage type (PT) 21/28 is a subtype of E.

Comparison of diversities of Escherichia coli O157 shed from a cohort of spring-born beef calves at pasture and in housing.

A cohort of spring-born beef calves demonstrated limited genetic and phenotypic diversity of Escherichia coli O157 when kept in a state of isolation. Despite this, there was a difference in the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and phage types of isolates shed by cattle at pasture compared with those shed by the same cattle when weaned and housed.

Age-related decline in carriage of ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli in young calves.

The presence of ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli (Amp(r) E. coli) in the fecal flora of calves was monitored on a monthly basis in seven cohorts of calves. Calves were rapidly colonized by Amp(r) E.

High-level genotypic variation and antibiotic sensitivity among Escherichia coli O157 strains isolated from two Scottish beef cattle farms.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a human pathogen that is carried and transmitted by cattle. Scotland is known to have one of the highest rates of E. coli O157 human infections in the world.

Acquisition and epidemiology of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in a cohort of newborn calves.

Objectives: The acquisition of antibiotic-resistant commensal Escherichia coli was examined in a cohort of newborn calves.

Methods: Faecal samples were collected weekly from calves over a 4 month period and screened for E. coli resistant to ampicillin, apramycin and nalidixic acid at concentrations of 16, 8 and 8 mg/L, respectively.

Lymphoid follicle-dense mucosa at the terminal rectum is the principal site of colonization of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the bovine host.

Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes bloody diarrhea and potentially fatal systemic sequelae in humans. Cattle are most frequently identified as the primary source of infection, and E. coli O157:H7 generally colonizes the gastrointestinal tracts of cattle without causing disease.