Retrograde Venous Bullet Embolization to the Hepatic Inferior Vena Cava Located with Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography.

The authors present a case in which a GSW to the chest led to a retrograde venous bullet embolization. The fragment originated in the right atrium and embolized to the hepatic IVC, which was located with intraoperative TEE.

Malignant Hyperthermia: Review of Diagnosis and Treatment during Cardiac Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

Malignant hyperthermia is a potentially life-threatening hypermetabolic disorder, often induced by exposure to volatile anesthetics and succinylcholine. There are few reports of malignant hyperthermia during cardiopulmonary bypass. Here the authors review available literature including case reports of malignant hyperthermia and cardiopulmonary bypass and discuss the potential implications of malignant hyperthermia diagnosis and management as it applies to cardiac surgery.